5.6. Crime Prevention

Read the article and complete the table below it.

Crime Prevention

It should be noted that most of the time, there are cases in which people break the law because they have no where else to turn to. Such people normally come from deteriorating neighbourhoods. They feel that there is not much that can be done about their situation and they opt to choose crime as their only means for survival. Most of these criminals normally have very low educational backgrounds. Consequently, their options in the formal employment sector are quite limited. They need to earn a source of livelihood and still have to meet their daily needs. However, the public only offers them temporary jobs that do not pay as much. Some individuals may feel the need to deal with this lack of necessities through crime. Overly, the underlying problem is education, if the government was to invest in education of such criminals then there would be no need to commit crimes and all the other issues will fall into place.

Certain criminals do not have a sense of moral values. Their environment has served a fertile ground for moral deterioration. They see no benefit in caring about what other people around them may feel as a result of their actions. Consequently, most of these criminals end up committing their crimes because they do not know what is expected from them from society. Crime prevention as a strategy for crime prevention could deal with this by targeting youth offenders. Most of them could be placed in community prevention centres where they could go taught a number of societal norms.

Many of the neighbourhoods that some of these youth come from are usually associated with low levels of family support. Some offenders may be tempted to commit crimes because they feel that they have nothing to lose. They do not feel loved and cared for and consequently have low self esteem. According to them, crime is a way of letting out some of their pent up anger and frustrations. It should be possible to prevent crimes of this nature if youth were targeted. The reason why it is useful to target the youth is because they are not yet that far gone; they are still at a point when they can be moulded and transformed. At their age, they have not hardened already. Such youth can be taught fundamental truths in and their psychological problems can be addressed adequately in community centres.

Since the issue of employment contributes too many criminal cases, crime prevention strategies can deal with that issue and eliminate the need to commit crimes due to that reason. This can be achieved through the process of instilling potential offenders with job skills. Consequently, such people will have no need to result to crime as a means of earning a living since they have other alternatives available.

Reasons to crime	Possible ways to prevent

Do you agree? Why (not)?

1. Crime prevention should take precedence within the criminal justice system because the punitive approach has failed.

2. Prisons don’t work. In prisons criminals interact with fellows and even learn more tricks to the trade and by the time they leave their prison cells, they are worse of than when they came in.

3. The present-day criminal justice system encourages criminals to continue with a life of crime because they feel that society is already biased towards them.

4. Crime prevention should be the focus of the criminal justice system because it has overwhelming public support.

5. Crime prevention deals with root causes.

6. There is a need to place more emphasis on crime prevention rather than other strategies.

7. Crime prevention should take up priority in the criminal justice system because most crimes are committed as a result of certain social problems.

8. Crime prevention identifies the reasons to crime and deals with them eliminating future cases of crime.

9. Crime prevention is a better approach because it tackles the problem from the inside out.

Week 10

JOBS

Study the lexis used when talking about jobs.

work experience – опыт работы

vacation – отпуск

medical insurance – медицинская страховка

bachelor – бакалавр

master – магистр

MBA – магистр бизнеса

degree – учёная степень, высшее образование

training – обучение, стажировка

salary – оклад

overtime – сверхурочная работа

housing – обеспечение жильём

promotion – продвижение по службе; повышение в должности

work environment – условия труда, производственная среда

transcripts – приложение к диплому (предметы, оценки и часы), выписка об академической успеваемости

personality – личностные свойства

reference – лицо, дающее рекомендацию

letter of recommendation – рекомендательное письмо; рекомендация

honesty – честность

work schedule – график работы

break – перерыв; пауза

job loss – потеря работы

to advance in one’s career – продвинуться по карьерной лестнице

job responsibilities – служебные обязанности

career advancement – карьерный рост

to get a promotion – получить повышение

growth within the company – рост внутри компании

network – сотрудничать, завязывать связи/знакомства

work hard – много работать

dress the part – одеваться соответственно ситуации

act the part – вести себя соответственно ситуации

to be called to interview – получить приглашение на собеседование

application form – бланк для заявления; анкета поступающего на работу

applicant – соискатель, претендент на должность

curriculum vitae – краткая биография, резюме

interviewee – интервьюируемый

be suited for a job – подходить на должность

teamwork – работа в команде

cope with stress – справляться со стрессом

post – должность

workload – рабочая нагрузка

keep a healthy work-life balance – поддерживать здоровый баланс между трудовой деятельностью и личной жизнью

pay rise – повышение заработной платы

recruiter – специалист по подбору кадров

work-study mix – совмещение работы и учебы

president – президент; председатель правления

vice-president – вице-председатель; вице-президент

executive officer (CEO) – исполнительный директор

director – директор; руководитель

deputy director – заместитель руководителя

financial director – финансовый директор

manager – руководитель; администратор

supervisor – начальник; начальник отдела

receptionist – секретарь в приёмной, администратор

secretary – секретарь

bank officer – должностное лицо банка

accountant – бухгалтер

economist – экономист

teller – кассир (в банке)

auditor – аудитор

doctor – врач

physician – врач; терапевт

family doctor – семейный врач

general practitioner – врач общей практики

eye specialist – окулист, офтальмолог

heart specialist / cardiologist – кардиолог

surgeon – хирург

pediatrician – педиатр

psychiatrist – психиатр

dentist – стоматолог

dietician – диетолог

pharmacist – фармацевт

veterinarian – ветеринар

nurse – медсестра/брат

paramedic – фельдшер, сотрудник бригады неотложной помощи в США

Chef – шеф-повар

head cook – старший повар

cook – повар

maitre d' – метрдотель, главный официант

headwaiter – старший официант

waiter – официант

waitress – официантка

bartender/barman – бармэн

sales representative – торговый агент; торговый представитель

sales manager – менеджер по продажам

salesperson – продавец

cashier – кассир

wholesale buyer – оптовый покупатель

wholesaler – оптовый торговец

retailer – компания по розничной торговле

advertising agent – агент по рекламе

artist – творческая личность; художник

painter – художник; живописец

musician – музыкант

composer – композитор

singer – певец

dancer – танцор

film director – кинорежиссёр

producer – продюсер

actor – актер/актриса

actress – актриса

cameraman – кинооператор

writer – писатель

author – автор

playwright – драматург

dramatist – драматург

scenarist – сценарист; кинодраматург

reporter – репортер

journalist – журналист

photographer – фотограф

architect – архитектор

designer – дизайнер

interior designer – дизайнер по интерьерам; художник-декоратор

web-designer – веб-дизайнер

principal – ректор университета; директор колледжа

dean – декан факультета

engineer – инженер

technician – технический специалист

mechanic – слесарь-механик

construction worker – рабочий-строитель; строительный рабочий

repairer – специалист по ремонту

welder – сварщик

bricklayer/mason – каменщик

carpenter – плотник-столяр

plumber – слесарь-водопроводчик

painter – маляр

scientist – ученый

scholar – научный работник

researcher – исследователь

judge – судья

lawyer – юрист

attorney – прокурор

traffic officer – автоинспектор

guard – охранник

beautician – косметолог

cleaning lady / cleaning woman – уборщица

to hire – принять на работу

to fire – уволить

to quit – уволиться с работы

unemployed – безработный

jobless – безработный

to look for a job – искать работу

interview – собеседование

contract – контракт

work agreement – трудовое соглашение

employer – работодатель

employee – работник

staff member – штатный сотрудник

to be on staff – быть в штате

temporary worker – временный работник

season worker – сезонный рабочий

to work full-time – работать полный рабочий день

to work part-time – работать неполный рабочий день

to work overtime – работать сверхурочно

wages – заработная плата

income – доход

hourly pay – почасовая оплата

gross pay – заработная плата до вычетов

take-home pay – заработная плата за вычетом налогов

bonus – премия

overtime pay – оплата за сверхурочную работу

taxes – налоги

deductions – удержания (из зар. платы), отчисления

fringe benefits – неденежные выплаты (поощрения), льготы и привилегии

sick leave – больничный

medical insurance – медицинская страховка