3. Translate the following groups of words into Russian:

Local – location – locally; excess – excessive; to adhere – adherence – adherent – adhesion – adhesive – adhesiveness; to suit – suitable – unsuitable; divide – divisibility – divisible – division; to clean – clean – cleanliness; to compose – composite – composition, work – workable – workability; to ship – shipment.

4. Arrange the following in pairs of synonyms:

1) building; 2) loam; 3) frequently; 4) chief; 5) shape; 6) several; 7) obtain; 8) combine; 9) get; 10) some; 11) connect; 12) form; 13) main; 14) often; 15) clay; 16) construction.

5. Arrange the following in pairs of antonyms:

1) coarse; 2) locally; 3) more; 4) excessive; 5) presence; 6) deficient; 7) widely; 8) satisfactory; 9) possible; 10) essential; 11) reduce; 12) delicate; 13) absence; 14) increase; 15) less; 16) unsatisfactory; 17) impossible; 18) unessential.

6. Match Russian equivalents for the following words on the right:

1) amount	1)излишний
2) bind	2)соединять, связывать
3) cause	3) только
4) content	4)количество
5) clean	5) частица
6) decrease	6) чистый
7) excessive	7)увеличивать
8) increase	8) вызывать, причинять
9) only	9)уменьшение
10) particle	10) считать
11) purpose	11)содержание
12) quality	12) уменьшать
13) require	13) пора
14) the same	14) обычно
15) shrinkage	15) усадка
16) still	16) тот же самый
17) together	17) все еще
18) test	18) испытание
19) usually	19) требовать
20) void	20) качество
21) size	21) цель
22)provided	22) вместе
23)consider	23) размер

7. Translate the following groups of words:

An excessive amount; an excessive shrinkage; an excess of voids; an excess of pores; the same size; a uniform size; a variety of size; a proper size; a suitable size of particles.

8. Translate into English:

Мелкие фракции, подразделяется на, мельче чем песок, глина мельче чем ил, соотношение пор, частицы одинакового размера, частицы разного размера, связывать песочные крупинки вместе, пригодный отсортированный песок, сделать раствор рабочим, постепенный переход частиц по размеру от крупных к мелким.

2. Reading Comprehension.

1. Read and translate the text:

SAND

Sands may be considered to consist of two parts, namely: sand proper and fines. The fines themselves may be subdivided into material finer than the sand but of the same chemical composition termed silt, and material still finer than the silt and of a different chemical composition, termed clay.

Properties of sand. Grading of sand. The proportion of voids is higher in a sand in which the particles are of uniform size than in one which contains a variety of particles size. The greater the proportion of voids, the greater is the amount of cementing material needed to bind the sand grins together. A suitable graded sand consists of particles varying in size from coarse to fine, with the smaller particles packing into the voids between the larger. Coarse sand produces a harsh mortar. Trouble is often caused by using too fine sand for mortar. Sand containing a large proportion of very fine particles, such as dust, or silt is not suitable, as an excessive amount of water is required to make the mortar workable and this reduces its strength and increases shrinkage.

As a general rule the best results for mortar will be obtained with a sand having a gradual gradation of particle size from coarse to fine.

The strength of mortar and concrete is decreased if the particles of sand are of uniform size, owing to the presence of a large proportion of pore spaces. Tests have shown that the shape of the particles is not very important. Cleanliness of sand is most essential. Adhesion between the building material and the sand is only possible if the particles of the latter are clean. The presence of dirt reduces the strength of mortar and concrete.

Sand for general purposes may be considered satisfactory if it contains not more than 6 per cent of silt. The following sands are used for mortars:

1) Pit or Quarry Sand. It is a very good sand for mortar concrete and plaster.

2) River-Sand. This is usually clean sand and it is excellent for all purposes. Some river sand may be deficient in fines (small particles) and thus produce harsh mortars.

3) Sea Sand. Whilst this sand is commonly used locally for concrete it is not suitable for mortar on account of its salt content which causes efflorescence.