I. Improve your word power:

1. Read the words, put the right stress and guess the meaning of the words:

Type, industrial, class, steel, gas, text, detail.

2. Study your active vocabulary:

apply	применять
below	ниже
cause	причина
employ	употреблять
heavy	тяжелый
instance	пример
lightweight	легкий
plain	простой
reinforced	укрепленный
incorporate	включать
dense	плотный
foam	пенистый
slag	шлак
cast	отливать
precast	заранее отлитый, «сборный»,
in-situ	монолитный
pumice	пемза

3. Match Russian equivalents for the following word combinations on the left and learn them:

1) мелкий заполнитель	1) modern building
2) простой бетон	2) industrial construction
3) армированный бетон	3) plain concrete
4) крупный заполнитель	4) reinforced concrete
5) применять силу	5) coarse aggregate
6) промышленное строительство	6) fine aggregate
7) преодолевать растягивающие нагрузки	7) massive masonry
8) пемзобетон	8) armoured concrete
9) современное строительство	9) to apply force
10) предварительно напряженный бетон	10) prestressed concrete
11) ячеистая разновидность	11) to overcome tensile stresses
12) железобетон	12) cellular variety
13) массивная кирпичная кладка	13) pumice concrete

4. Translate the following groups of words into Russian:

imagine – imagination; build – building – builder; industry – industrial – industrialize – industrialization; possible – possibility – impossibility; divide – division – subdivision; mass – massive; apply – application; class – classify – classification.

II. Reading Comprehension:

Read and translate the text:

TYPES OF CONCRETE

It is difficult to imagine modern building without concrete either in housing or in industrial constructions. There are so many types of concrete nowadays that it is impossible even to mention all of them. Concrete may be divided into two main classes: mass or plain concrete and reinforced, steel or ferro- concrete.

Mass or plain concrete. Its ingredients are Portland cement, coarse and fine aggregates, all properly mixed with water. Mass or plain concrete can be used for almost all building purposes for which massive masonry or brickwork is suitable.

Reinforced, steel or ferro- concrete is the variety of concrete strengthened by incorporating in it a network of iron rods. in some cases it is called armoured concrete. Reinforced concrete may be prestressed or post stressed (post-tensioned). The secret of prestressing lies in applying forces to concrete to overcome the tensile stresses by loads, volume change and compact. There is another subdivision: heavy and lightweight concrete; the former is solid and dense, the latter is either of cellular variety or of the types incorporating artificial light-weight aggregate. Foam concrete and gas concrete are examples of the lightweight variety.

Concrete may be classified according to the ingredients employed, for instance, asphaltic generate, pumice concrete, rubber concrete, slag concrete, to mention but principle ones. Furthermore, concrete may be cast or liquid, precast or prefabricated.

Answer the following questions:

1. Can you imagine construction without concrete? 2. What main classes is concrete divided into? 3. How many ingredients are there in the mass concrete? What are they? 4. What is reinforced concrete strengthened by? 5. Is heavy concrete solid and dense? 6. What examples of lightweight concrete do you know?