1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the forms and functions of the Participle:

1. as an attribute (определение)

1. The students testing the devise study at our department. 2. The man switching off the pug mill works at our laboratory. 3. I thought about the question discussed at the seminar.

2. as an adverbial modifier (обстоятельство)

1. Translating the article I didn’t consult the dictionary. 2. Having translated this article he learned some new facts about mortar. 3. Having been given a theorem we began to prove it. 4. While solving this problem I paid much attention to the mixing in a drum.

3. as a predicative (составная часть глагольного сказуемого)

1. We had received new building materials by the end of the week. 2. Different types of cement are used in construction. 3. The lecture was followed by a discussion.

2. Insert the appropriate form of the Participle from brackets; translate the sentences.

1. ________ the position of the plant on paper, it was decided that the pipeline should go along the river (1 – establishing, 2 – having established).

2. ________ at the object from the front, or from the sides, the observer couldn’t see the inside edges of the object (1 – looking, 2 – having looked).

3. ________ to the table it will be noted that the number of loads hauled by a wheeled tractor are more than that of a crawler tractor on a similar length of haul (1 – referring, 2 – having referred).

4. _______ the number of loads hauled per hour, the total cubic yards of material excavated may be easily calculated (1 – knowing, 2 – having known).

IV. Post-reading Activities.

1. Discuss with your partner the information you’ve got from the text “Mortar”.

2. Be ready to speak about “Mortar”.

V. Supplementary reading.

1. Read and translate into Russian without using a dictionary:

Lime mortar

Plasticity. Lime is the oldest plasticizer and binder. Lime mortar is acknowledged to be the most easily worked mortar obtainable. It clings to the trowel sufficiently well, facilitates spreading of mortar evenly so that brick may be uniformly bedded. Full cross joints can be easily obtained and, for high-class work, the brick can be easily “shoved”.

Walls laid up in straight mortar will safely carry far more load than is now imposed on ordinary brickwork. According to the building code for New York City, the allowable load for masonry, in compression, brickwork in lime mortar is 100 lb. per square inch. For brickwork in lime-cement mortar (1 part of cement, 1 part of lime, and not more than 3 parts of sand to each by volume), the allowable load is 250 lb. per square inch (solid walls).

2. Write 10 questions to the text.

3. Read and translate into Russian.

RETEMPERING OF A MORTAR.

Retempering. – Lime mortar is the only mortar that can be prepared in large quantities in advance. It may be made from quicklime or hydrated lime as desired. Hydrated lime may be mixed dry, but it is recommended that it be soaked in water and added to the sand as a paste. Lime mortar, stored until required may be retempered to the desired consistency and used, with complete confidence. If cement is to be added, it can be placed in the mixing machine together with the mortar and the water.

Plasticity. – The more easily a mortar can be handled and spread, the more bricks can be laid with the same amount of labour. Plasticity increases in proportion to the percentage of fines or flour in cement. A fine powder is able to coat the grains of sand or other inert material more completely than a coarse one and the reaction between cement and water takes place only at the surface of solid particles. Therefore, the more finely a cement is pulverized the greater will be the surface exposed in proportion to its mass and the more rapid will be hydration.

Lime mortar is the most easily worked mortar.

LESSON 8