7. Fill in the blanks with one of the following prepositions: due to, of, to, in, on, by.

1. There are two groups ____ cement. 2. These lumps are burnt and crashed ___ a powder. 3. The powder is of brown colour _____ the iron content. 4. Portland cement consists ____ complex compounds. 5. The slurry is fired ____ a rotary kiln. 6. The grading process has an important effect ___ the rate of hardening and strength development. 7. Portland cement is manufactured ____ either of two processes.

IV. Post Reading Activities.

1. Discuss with your partner the text “CEMENT”.

2. Be ready to speak about the text.

V. Supplementary Reading.

1 Read and translate into Russian without using a dictionary.

“THE STRENGTH OF CEMENT”

The value of cement when employed as a structural material depends on its mechanical strength in the set and hardened condition. The strength is in a high degree dependent on many factors such as the proportion of water used, the degree of mixing, the temperature, the humidity of the atmosphere, the method of placing, the curing conditions, etc. Mechanical tests play the most important part in determining the quality of cement. Strength tests take three different forms such as tension, compression or bending. For testing purposes it is necessary to define all required conditions.

2. Write 10 questions to the text.

3. Read and translate into Russian:

“PORTLAND CEMENT”

Portland cement is of modern origin. Joseph Aspdin of Leads, England, took out a patent under date of Dec. 15, 1824, for its manufacture. It was so called because it resembled in colour a well-known building stone quarried on the Isle of Portland, which was then considered the hardest stone known. Today the name “Portland” signifies only the kind of cement, not the brand. The manufacture of Portland cement was begun in 1825, but progress was slow until about 1850, when, through improved methods and general recognition of its merits as a building material, its commercial success was assured.

When Portland cement is mixed with enough water to form a paste (25 per cent of weight of the cement), the compounds of the cement react with the water to form new compounds, which adhere to each other and to the aggregate particles to form the building medium that gives concrete its useful properties. To complete these chemical reactions here things required: 1) time; 2) favourable temperatures and 3) the continued presence of water. When these conditions are fulfilled, the concrete is said to be “cured” properly, in their absence the curing is deficient. Only a certain amount of water can be combined with the compounds of the cement; any excess dilutes the mixture and reduces its potential strength, water tightness, and durability.

LESSON 5

1. Improve Your Word Power.

1. Read the words, put the right stress and guess the meaning of the words:

Final, minute, stage, hydration, normal, chemical, activity, mechanical, characteristic.

2. Study your active vocabulary:

clay	глина
curing	выдерживание (бетона)
damage	повреждение
desirable	желательный
expensive	дорогой
rapid	быстрый
slag	шлак
stress	напряжение
tensile	растягивающий
ultimate	последний, предельный
similar	сходный
lb – pound	фунт
sq – square	квадратный
in. – inch	дюйм
costly	дорого
china	фарфор
exceed	превышать
precaution	предосторожность

3. Match Russian equivalents for the following words on the left:

   1) clay	1) обычный
   2) common	2) условие
   3) condition	3) быстрый
   4) expensive	4) напряжение
   5) further	5) несколько
   6) rapid	6) максимальный
   7) several	7) глина
   8) special	8) дорогой
   9) stress	9) чистый
   10) ultimate	10) специальный
   11) activity	11) последующий
   12) compressive	12) шлак
   13) curing	13) выдерживание (цемента)
   14) damage	14) повреждение
   15) except	15) сходный
   16) final	16) окончательный
   17) similar	17) активность
   18) slag	18) за исключением
   19) stage	19) бумажный
   20) true	20) сжимающий
   21) pure	21) стадия
   22) paper	22) верный

4. Translate the following groups of words into Russian:

Rapid – rapidity – rapidly; slow – slowly – to slow up – slowness; hydrate – hydraulic – hydraulics – hydration – hydrate of lime – hydraulic cement; liable – liability; character – characteristic – characterize – characterization – characterless; mechanic(s) – mechanical – mechanician – mechanism – mechanize.

5. Arrange the following in pairs of antonyms:

1. rapidity; 2) impure; 3) wet; 4) liable; 5) final; 6) cheap; 7) dry; 8) the latter; 9) pure; 10) the first; 11) to protect; 12) initial; 13) slowness; 14) protective; 15) to damage; 16) expensive.

6. Arrange the following in pairs of synonyms:

1. gain; 2) main; 3) main; 4) initial; 5) chief; 6) ordinary; 7) purpose; 8) owing to; 9) obtain; 10) clean; 11) pulverize; 12) original; 13) normal; 14) grind; 15) due to; 16) pure.

2. Grammar Focus.

The Infinitive. Its Forms and Functions. The Infinitive Constructions (Complex Object, Complex Subject).

The Infinitive	Active	Passive
Indefinite	To do	To be done	Выражает действие, одновременное с действием глагола-сказуемого
Continuous	To be doing	-----	Выражает действие, одновременное с действием глагола-сказуемого
Perfect	To have done	To have been done	Выражает действие, предшествующее действию глагола-сказуемого