4. Translate the following groups of words into Russian:

to develop – developing – development; to form – formal – formation;

to mix – mixer – mixing – mixture; to storage – storage;

to add – addition; to manufacture – manufacture – manufacturer;

separate – separation – separatist – separative – separately.

5. Match Russian equivalents for the following words on the left:

1) alumina	1) кремний
2) degree	2) степень
3) form	3) сырьевой
4) ordinary	4) порошок
5) silica	5) глинозем
6) storage	6) твердение
7) oxide	7) форма
8) raw	8) обычный
9) powder	9) хранение
10) hardening	10) окись
11) amount	11) производить
12) bulk	12) состоять из
13) dry	13) железо
14) general	14) сухой
15) rate	15) скорость
16) rotary	16) схватываться
17) set	17) цементное тесто
18) store	18) хранить
19) iron	19) основная масса
20) slurry	20) общий
21) consist of	21) количество
22) step	22) вращающийся

6. Arrange the following in pairs of synonyms:

1) to make	8) speed
2) dirt	9) mud
3) grinding	10) to be burnt
4) to be fired	11) pulverizing
5) usually	12) to store
6) to keep	13) commonly
7) to manufacture	14) rate

7. Arrange the following in pairs of antonyms:

1)dry	7) large
2) to part	8) to warm up
3) to cool	9) to add
4) to decrease	10) separately
5) to mix	11) small
6) to gather	12) wet

II. Reading Comprehension.

1. Read and translate the text: cement

There are two groups of cement, i.e. natural and artificial. Natural cement is made of nodules consisting of lime (30 per cent), clay (50 per cent) and oxide of iron (10 per cent); these lumps are burnt and crashed to a powder, which is of a brown colour due to the iron content.

The artificial cement group includes:

a) Portland Cement: normal or ordinary, rapid-hardening, white, blast-furnace;

b) High Alumina Cement.

As a general rule in building we use normal or rapid-hardening Portland Cement, or Portland blast-furnace cement. Portland cements consist of complex compounds of lime, silica, alumina and iron oxide with small amounts of other oxides, together with a small proportion of calcium sulphate which is added to control the setting time. All this slurry is fired to a high temperature (1400 C) in a rotary kiln from which it emerges in small lumps as cement clinker. The clinker is ground to a high degree in fines and this grading process has an important effect on the rate of hardening and strength development.

Portland Cement is manufactured commonly by either of two processes: the wet and the dry. The dry process consists of the following steps:

1) grinding of dry raw materials separately; 2) proportioning; 3) pulverizing of raw materials together; 4) burning of clinker; 5) cooling and seasoning the clinker; 6) addition of materials for control of set; 7) grinding of clinker to fine powder; 8) storage in bins for package or bulk shipment.

The wet process consists of the following steps:

1) marl is stored in form of thin mud in vats; 2) clay or argillaceous material is reduced to fine powder; 3) proportioning of ingredients; 4) mixing of ingredients through pug mill; 5) burning in kiln; 6) cooling and seasoning of clinker; 7) addition of materials to control time or rate of setting; 8) reducing of clinker to powder; 9) storage.

2. Answer the following questions:

1. What groups of cement do you know? 2. What is natural cement made of? 3. What does the artificial cement group include? 4. What does Portland cement consist of? 5. Where is the slurry fired to a high temperature? 6. How many processes are there in manufacturing the Portland cement?

III. Comprehension and Word Study.

1. Finish the following sentences:

1. Natural cement is made from … . 2. The powder is of a brown colour due to … . 3. The artificial cement group includes … . 4. Portland cements consist of complex compounds of … . 5. All this slurry is fired to a high temperature in … . 6. The clinker is ground to … . 7. Portland cement is manufactured by … .

2. Say whether it is true or false:

1. Normal or rapid-hardening Portland cement is usually used in building. 2. A small proportion of oxide of iron is added to control the setting time. 3. All the cement slurry is fired to a low temperature in a rotary kiln. 4. The clinker is ground to a high degree of fines. 5. The grading process rates the hardening and strength development.

3. Translate into Russian.

To emerge from; small lumps; cement clinker; dry and wet processes; cooling and seasoning clinker; to storage in bins for package or bulk shipment; marl; in form of thin mud; to store in a vat.

4. Translate into English.

1. Существует 2 группы цемента – это природный и искусственный. 2. Цемент состоит из 30% извести, 50% глины, 10% окиси железа. 3. Железо делает порошок коричневым. 4. Портландцемент состоит из сложных соединений глины, кремния, глинозема, окиси железа и т.д. 5. Во вращающейся печи вещества подвергаются воздействию высоких температур. 6. Существует 2 способа производства Портландцемента.

5. Change the following sentences from Active into Passive:

1. We distinguish two groups of cement in modern construction. 2. Lime, clay, oxides of iron make up cement. 3. Grading process affects the rate of hardening. 4. We add calcium sulphate to control the setting time. 5. Works burn and crush the lumps to a powder.

6. Translate the following sentences into Russian (paying attention to the modal verbs).

1. Lime, clay, oxides of iron must be burnt to a powder. 2. Cement should be kept dry. 3. We can distinguish two groups of cement, i.e. natural and artificial. 4. The cement used in building may be normal or rapid-hardening Portland cement, or Portland blast-furnace cement. 5. The setting time must not be confused with the rate of strength development. 6. The cement mixture shouldn’t be disturbed during the setting time.