Acid rain (1)
Precipitation that has high levels of sulphuric acid and nitric acid is considered to be acid rain. It could be rain, snow, sleet, hail or even fog and mist.
The acids can occur naturally or by way of mankind. Volcanoes and decomposing plant life emit acids that go into the atmosphere. Emissions from burning fossil fuels also release acids into the environment. Once released, the acids are carried through the air. They can reach the ground either through wet precipitation or just by the particles landing on the soil. Eventually, the soil absorbs the nitric and sulphuric acid. It can also land in the water hence contaminating it.
Read, translate and retell the text:
Acid rain (2)
The term “acid rain” refers to all kinds of weather precipitation: rain, snow, hail, fog, rain and snow in which decrease in PH is observed. This occurs due to air pollution with acidic oxides.
The sources of acid rain are thermal power plants, vehicles, steel and chemical plants, aircraft.
The objects of influence are people, flora and fauna, water bodies, soil, buildings, monuments and metal constructions.
Lesson 6 Grammar: The Future Indefinite Tense the effect of temperature change
There are two ways in which temperature can cause weathering of rock:
By daily expansion and contraction.
By freeze-thaw damage
This is due to differences in daytime and night-time temperatures. The forces produced, as rock expands and contracts, cause the surface to peel away like the layers of an onion.
This type of damage is caused by water which when it gets into cracks in the rocks, expands when it freezes! This forces the cracks to become wider and wider until eventually pieces of the rock break off.
In fact mountain climbers try to avoid climbing around midday to avoid the smaller chips of rock which break off as the ice thaws.
Remember the words:
change – зміна(n); змінювати(ся)(v) to freeze – замерзати cause – причина(n); спричиняти(v) to thaw – танути to expand – розширюватися damage – пошкодження to contract – стискатися force – сила(n); змушувати(v) to peel – злущуватися to wear down – стирати(ся) layer – шар to avoid – уникати
Answer the questions:
In which two ways will temperature cause weathering of rocks?
Why will rocks expand in the daytime and contract at night?
Why will the rock surface peel away?
What component will be necessary for freeze-thaw damage of rocks?
Will water contract due to freezing?
Why will cracks in a rock become wider and wider?
Being a mountain climber, will you start climbing around midday? Why?
Lesson 7
Grammar: Future – in – the Past
TRANSPORTATION OF ROCK PARTICLES
Size and shape of rock fragments
As rock is weathered, the broken pieces fall from the original piece of rock and form a pile at the bottom of the rock face. This often forms quite a smooth slope called a scree slope.
The fragments of rock vary in size from large boulders to tiny grains, and the shape also varies from piece to piece.
These fragments have fallen from the rock face onto the scree slope and have remained there.
Remember the words:
particle – частинка pile – купа rock face – вихід гірських порід на поверхню, відслонення slope – схил scree – кам’янистий осип vary – різнитися, відрізнятися boulder – валун tiny – дуже маленький, крихітний to remain – залишатися
Answer the questions:
What happens when rock is weathered?
What do the broken pieces of rock form?
Where is a pile of broken pieces formed?
What do we call a “scree slope”?
What is the size of rock fragments?
Are all rock fragments of the same shape?
Where do the rock fragments remain after they have fallen from the rock face?
Exercise1. Render the following to the past beginning with: we learned that…, we knew that…, the teacher told us that…, the teacher said that…
On the earth surface the rock will be weathered.
The pieces of rock will break off.
The broken pieces will form a pile at the bottom of the rock face.
A scree slope will be formed.
The fragments of rock will be of various forms.
The size of rock fragments will vary.
The rock fragments will fall from the rock face.
The fragments of rock will remain on the scree slope.