14. Give English equivalents of the following phrases.

Вырабатывать большое количество тепла; электронные лампы; двоичная система счисления; магнитный сердечник; электрический ток; решетка из проводов; в одну миллионную секунды; извлекать информацию; эффективные устройства ввода и вывода; появление интегрированных схем; уменьшиться в размере; разделение времени; использовать одновременно; несовместимое программное обеспечение; кремниевый чип; память с высокой вместимостью; справляться с большим подмножеством задач; дерзкая цель; механизм логического вывода; основные подсистемы; обновлять данные; операции с базами знаний; интеллектуальный пользовательский интерфейс; обработка изображений; содержать набор элементов.

Unit 3

1. Learn to use these words:

concept - a principle or abstract idea (of smth that exist)

It is very difficult to define a concept of beauty. Democritus advances the concept of atom as the smallest indivisible part of substance.

notion - belief, conception or idea; knowledge or understanding of smth, esp. one that is false or not very clear

Have you any notion how much it costs to keep a dog. Your head is full of silly notions. Modern economic theory, which is founded on the notion of continual growth, largely ignores ecological principles.

essential - necessary, needed

Water is essential for living things. Government support will be essential for the project.

(distinguishing) feature - an esp. typical quality or important part

High stress levels are a feature of life for business executives. Central planning was the most basic feature of the Soviet-style economy.

to eliminate - to remove or take away

A move towards healthy eating could help eliminate heart disease. You should eliminate slang words from your essay.

to appreciate - to recognize that smth is valuable or important

We really appreciate all the help you gave us last weekend.

to define/ well defined/ precisely defined - to explain and state the meaning

Your role in the project will be strictly defined. The concept can be adequately and explicitly defined.

equation - mathematical statement of equality

Maxwell's equations are valid in both the quantum and classical physical schemes.

to apply - to use; to have a connection or be important

He wants a job in which he can apply his foreign languages. Those were old regulations - they don't apply any more.

to originate - to come from, initiate

The game is thought to have originated among the native peoples of Alaska.

to employ - to use

Sophisticated statistical analysis was employed to obtain these results. The notion of language presupposes social group which employs it as a means of communication.

branch of mathematics - a part of smth larger, subdivision

I used to work in the local branch of a large bank. This branch of mathematics might be applied more widely to human behaviour.

influence (n., v.) - to have an effect on people or things, to affect

Helen is a bad influence on him. Violence on TV may be a potent influence on some young people. The physicists are now investigating what factors influence image resolution.

to concern/ to be concerned with - to be important, to involve closely; to worry

Physics is concerned primarily with the flow of energy and the determination of one force by another force. It concerns Joe's parents that he hasn't found himself a job yet.

property - quality of smth

We use herbs in cooking but we forget that they also have medicinal properties. There must be significant properties common to all languages.

to allow - to let (someone) do smth. or let smth. happen

We must not allow temporary problems to affect our long-term plans. You're not allowed to talk during the exam.

to enable - to make something possible

Computerization should enable us to cut production costs by half.

rigorous(ly) - exact(ly)

She has a scientifically rigorous approach. They monitored the traffic flow rigorously.

to propose - to suggest, to offer (a plan or action) for other people to consider

She proposed the boycott of the meeting. Astronomers have proposed a variety of theories. I propose that we wait. He proposed dealing directly with suppliers.

to introduce - to put into use

When we introduced this system, no one believed it would work.

achievement - success in reaching an aim

Olympic silver medal is a remarkable achievement for one so young.

significant consequences - important/ considerable result of a particular action or situation

If you behave so foolishly, you must be ready to take the consequences. Climate changes could have disastrous consequences for farmers.

to reason - to think logically

There were philosophers in the idealistic tradition who reasoned in a similar way.

to occur - to happen, to take place

It's difficult to determine whether global warming is occurring. In 1981 a group of Italian researchers proposed the idea to explain why ice ages seem to occur every 100,000 years or so. If any of these symptoms occur, consult your doctor immediately.

sequence of actions/ instructions - a series of related thing or events

Is there a particular sequence in which you have to perform these tasks? It all happened a long time ago and I can't remember the precise sequence of events.

bounds - border, limits (of what is possible or acceptable)

Please keep within the bounds of reason. We are here to make sure that the police operate within the bounds of the law. The path by the railway is officially out of bounds to both cyclists and walkers.

boundary - dividing line, real or imaginary line that marks the edge of an area of land (is used to talk about divisions between smaller units, like farms, towns, cities, counties); limits of an activity or experience. The Ural mountains mark the boundary between Europe and Asia. The lane once formed the boundary between the two villages. National boundaries are becoming increasingly meaningless in the global economy.