Infinitive

Past simple

Past participle

translation

arise awake be bear bear beat become beget begin behold bend beseech beset bet bind bite bleed bless blow break breed bring broadcast build burn burst bust buy can cast catch choose cleave cling clothe come cost creep cut deal dig do draw dream drink drive dwell eat fall feed feel fight find flee fling fly forbid forbear forecast forget forgive freeze get give go grind grow hang* have hear hide hit hold hurt keep kneel know lay lead lean leap learn leave lend let lie light lose make mean meet must overtake pay put read ride ring rise run saw say see seek sell send set sew shake shave shed shine shoot show shrink shut sing sink sit sleep slide smell sow speak speed spell spend spill spin spit split spoil spread spring stand steal stick sting stink strike strive swear sweep swell swim swing take teach tear tell think throw tread understand upset wake wear weep will win wind write earn arose awoke\awaked was\were bore bore beat became begot began beheld bent besought beset bet bound bit bled blessed \ blest blew broke bred brought broadcast\broadcasted built burnt burst busted\bust bought could cast caught chose clove\cleft clung clothed\clad came cost crept cut dealt dug did drew dreamt\dreamed drank drove dwelt ate fell fed felt fought found fled flung flew forbade forbore forecast\ed forgot forgave froze got gave went ground grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt knew laid led leant\leaned leapt\leaped learnt\learned left lent let lay lit\lighted lost made meant met had to overtook paid put read rode rang rose ran sawed said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook shaved shed shone shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slept slid smelt\smelled sowed spoke sped spelt\spelled spent spilt\spilled span spat split spoilt\spoiled spread sprang stood stole stuck stung stank struck strove swore swept swelled swam swung took taught tore told thought threw trod understood upset woke\waked wore wept would won wound wrote earnt arisen awoken\awaked been born borne beaten become begotten begun beheld bent besought beset bet bound bitten bled blessed \ blest blown broken bred brought broadcast\broadcasted built burnt burst busted\bust bought been able cast caught chosen cloven\cleft clung clothed\clad come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn dreamt\dreamed drunk driven dwelt eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flung flown forbidden forborne forecast\ed forgotten forgiven frozen got given gone ground grown hung had heard hid\hidden hit held hurt kept knelt known laid led leant\leaned leapt\leaped learnt\learned left lent let lain lit\lighted lost made meant met had to overtaken paid put read ridden rung risen run sawn said seen sought sold sent set sewn\sewed shaken shaven shed shone shot shown shrunk shut sung sunk sat slept slid smelt\smelled sown spoken sped spelt\spelled spent spilt\spilled spun spat split spoilt\spoiled spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk struck striven sworn swept swollen swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown trodden understood upset woken\waked worn wept - won wound written earnt возникать будить, просыпаться быть рождать носить, выносить бить становиться рождать, производить начинать, -ся смотреть, наблюдать,замечать гнуть, сгибать, -ся просить, молить окружать, осаждать держать пари, биться об заклад связывать кусать истекать кровью благословлять, осчастливливать дуть ломать вы(раз)водить приносить передавать по радио строить гореть, жечь разрываться разбить, обанкротиться покупать мочь бросать, кидать ловить, схватывать выбирать раскалывать, рассекать прилипать, цепляться одеваться приходить стоить ползать резать торговать, иметь дело рыть, копать делать рисовать, тащить видеть сны, мечтать пить везти, ехать обитать есть падать кормить,-ся чувствовать бороться, сражаться находить бежать, спасаться кидать, бросать летать запрещать воздерживаться, бить терпеливым предвидеть забывать прощать замерзать получать, становиться давать идти, ехать точить, молоть расти, выращивать висеть, вешать иметь слышать прятать ударять держать повредить, ушибить держать, хранить становиться на колени знать класть вести прислоняться прыгать учиться оставлять, уезжать одолжить позволять лежать зажигать, освещать терять делать, заставлять значить встречать aux. verb до(об)гонять платить класть читать ездить верхом зво(е)неть подниматься бежать пилить говорить, сказать видеть искать продавать посылать помещать, заходить шить трясти бриться проливать(слезы) сиять, светить стрелять показывать сморщиваться, сокращаться закрывать петь погружаться, тонуть сидеть спать скользить пахнуть, нюхать сеять говорить спешить произн. по буквам тратить проливать прясть плевать раскалывать,-ся портить распространять прыгать стоять красть приклеивать,-ся жалить вонять ударять, бастовать стремиться клясться, браниться мести пухнуть, раздуваться плавать качать,-ся, махать брать учить, обучать рвать рассказывать думать бросать ступать понимать расстраивать будить, просыпаться носить плакать aux. v. выигрывать заводить, виться писать зарабатывать

arose awoke\awaked was\were bore bore beat became begot began beheld bent besought beset bet bound bit bled blessed \ blest blew broke bred brought broadcast\broadcasted built burnt burst busted\bust bought could cast caught chose clove\cleft clung clothed\clad came cost crept cut dealt dug did drew dreamt\dreamed drank drove dwelt ate fell fed felt fought found fled flung flew forbade forbore forecast\ed forgot forgave froze got gave went ground grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt knew laid led leant\leaned leapt\leaped learnt\learned left lent let lay lit\lighted lost made meant met had to overtook paid put read rode rang rose ran sawed said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook shaved shed shone shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slept slid smelt\smelled sowed spoke sped spelt\spelled spent spilt\spilled span spat split spoilt\spoiled spread sprang stood stole stuck stung stank struck strove swore swept swelled swam swung took taught tore told thought threw trod understood upset woke\waked wore wept would won wound wrote earnt

arisen awoken\awaked been born borne beaten become begotten begun beheld bent besought beset bet bound bitten bled blessed \ blest blown broken bred brought broadcast\broadcasted built burnt burst busted\bust bought been able cast caught chosen cloven\cleft clung clothed\clad come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn dreamt\dreamed drunk driven dwelt eaten fallen fed felt fought found fled flung flown forbidden forborne forecast\ed forgotten forgiven frozen got given gone ground grown hung had heard hid\hidden hit held hurt kept knelt known laid led leant\leaned leapt\leaped learnt\learned left lent let lain lit\lighted lost made meant met had to overtaken paid put read ridden rung risen run sawn said seen sought sold sent set sewn\sewed shaken shaven shed shone shot shown shrunk shut sung sunk sat slept slid smelt\smelled sown spoken sped spelt\spelled spent spilt\spilled spun spat split spoilt\spoiled spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk struck striven sworn swept swollen swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown trodden understood upset woken\waked worn wept - won wound written earnt

возникать будить, просыпаться быть рождать носить, выносить бить становиться рождать, производить начинать, -ся смотреть, наблюдать,замечать гнуть, сгибать, -ся просить, молить окружать, осаждать держать пари, биться об заклад связывать кусать истекать кровью благословлять, осчастливливать дуть ломать вы(раз)водить приносить передавать по радио строить гореть, жечь разрываться разбить, обанкротиться покупать мочь бросать, кидать ловить, схватывать выбирать раскалывать, рассекать прилипать, цепляться одеваться приходить стоить ползать резать торговать, иметь дело рыть, копать делать рисовать, тащить видеть сны, мечтать пить везти, ехать обитать есть падать кормить,-ся чувствовать бороться, сражаться находить бежать, спасаться кидать, бросать летать запрещать воздерживаться, бить терпеливым предвидеть забывать прощать замерзать получать, становиться давать идти, ехать точить, молоть расти, выращивать висеть, вешать иметь слышать прятать ударять держать повредить, ушибить держать, хранить становиться на колени знать класть вести прислоняться прыгать учиться оставлять, уезжать одолжить позволять лежать зажигать, освещать терять делать, заставлять значить встречать aux. verb до(об)гонять платить класть читать ездить верхом зво(е)неть подниматься бежать пилить говорить, сказать видеть искать продавать посылать помещать, заходить шить трясти бриться проливать(слезы) сиять, светить стрелять показывать сморщиваться, сокращаться закрывать петь погружаться, тонуть сидеть спать скользить пахнуть, нюхать сеять говорить спешить произн. по буквам тратить проливать прясть плевать раскалывать,-ся портить распространять прыгать стоять красть приклеивать,-ся жалить вонять ударять, бастовать стремиться клясться, браниться мести пухнуть, раздуваться плавать качать,-ся, махать брать учить, обучать рвать рассказывать думать бросать ступать понимать расстраивать будить, просыпаться носить плакать aux. v. выигрывать заводить, виться писать зарабатывать

The consonant sounds /θ/ and /ð/.

1. L isten to the sound / θ / on its own. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this consonant sound.

The tip of the tongue moves forward and occupies a position between the upper and lower teeth. The air passes through the narrowing of the air-passage formed between the upper teeth and the tip of the tongue. The soft palate is raised, the vocal cords are not made to vibrate.

2. Listen and repeat.

   1. Mouth, thumb, thick, path.

   2. Three, thirst, thin, thread, hearth.

   3. Thin, three, thanks, sheath.

3. Read these examples of the sound / θ / in initial, medial and final position .

   thick	thought	healthy	something	myth	earth
   thing	thief	birthday	arithmetic	oath	both
   three	theme	anything	faithful	hearth	length
   thank	theory	author	cathedral	moth	fourth
   think	thaw	truthful	earthquake	breath	cloth

4. Read the sound / θ / in the words below and compare it with the words on each side.

   	/θ/
   sick	thick	sick
   boat	both	boat
   free	three	free

5. Listen to the sounds in contrast and repeat.

• / s/ and / θ /

Mouse – mouth, sum – thumb, sick – thick, sink – think, pass – path.

• / f/ and / θ /

Free – three, first – thirst, fin – thin, Fred – thread, half – hearth.

• /t/ and /θ/

Tin – thin, tree – three, tanks – thanks, sheet – sheath.

6. L isten to the sound /ð/. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this consonant sound.

The English /ð/ is formed like the English /θ/ except that the vocal cords are in vibration, the tongue is less tense and occupies a rather lower position.

7. Listen and repeat.

   1. Than, they, there, those, either.

   2. Bathe, clothe, with, breathe, booth, scythe.

8. Read these examples of the sound / ð / in initial, medial and final position.

they	them	other	another	with
then	there	weather	within	soothe
than	thus	clothes	leather	breathe
these	though	rather	although	sunbathe

9. Read the sound / ð / in the words below and compare it with the words on each side.

	/ð/
breed	breathe	breed
den	then	den
van	than	van

10. Listen to the sounds in contrast and repeat.

• / d/ and / ð /

Dan – than, day – they, dare – there, doze – those, Ida – either.

• / z/ and / ð /

Bays – bathe, close – clothe, whizz – with, breeze – breathe, boos – booth, size – scythe.

11. Listen and repeat. Practise these questions and answers:

What’s this? – This is the zoo.

What are those? – Those are zebras.

What’s that? – That’s a zebu.

What’s this? – This is Z.

What’s that? – That’s zero.

What are these? – These are zips.

Who’s that? – That’s Zack.

ІХ. Read the following sentences. Mind the right articulation of the sounds / θ / and / ð /.

1. Martha Smith’s an author and an athlete.

2. My father and mother live together with my other brother.

Х. Listen to the dialogue (Sound Right 36.2). Intone it. Learn and reproduce it, paying attention to the pronunciation of the sounds / θ / and / ð /.

ХІ. Learn the following graphical rules:

Spelling	/θ/	“th” (three), BUT in a few names of places and people, TH is pronounced as /t/ (Thailand, Thomas, Thames)
	/ð/	“th” (then)

ХІІ. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings. Learn them:

1. Birds of feather flock together.

2. When three Thursdays come together.

3. Wealth is nothing without health.

ХІІІ. Read the text as fast as you can and learn the following tongue twisters:

• The Throng of Thermometers.

The Throng of Thermometers from The Thuringian Thermometer Folks arrived on Thursday. There were a Thousand Thirty-Three Thick Thermometers, Though, instead of a Thousand Thirty-six Thin Thermometers, which was Three Thermometers fewer Than The Thousand Thirty-six we were expecting, not to mention That They were Thick ones raTher Than Thin ones. We Thoroughly Thought That we had ordered a Thousand Thirty-six, not a Thousand Thirty-Three Thermometers, and asked The Thuringian Thermometer Folk to reship The Thermometers; Thin, not Thick. They apologized for sending only a Thousand Thirty-Three Thermometers raTher Than a Thousand Thirty-six and promised to replace The Thick Thermometers wiTh Thin Thermometers.

• There those thousand thinkers were thinking how did the other three thieves go through.

• Whether the weather be fine or whether the weather be hot,

We’ll weather the weather whatever the weather whether we like it or not.

The vowel sound /3:/.

12. L isten to the sound / 3: / on its own. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this long vowel sound.

The tongue is in the middle part of the mouth cavity. It is almost flat and slightly raised. The tip of the tongue is near the lower teeth, the jaw is slightly lowered. The lips are neutral.

13. Listen and repeat.

Shirt, hurts, burn, bird, berg, girl.

14. Read these examples of the sound / 3:/.

    shirt	word	girl	berth	earn
    were	worst	affirm	journal	expert
    burn	bird	fur	journey	confer
    heard	birth	burn	early	excursion
    hurt	her	learn	murder	further

15. Read the contrasted sounds. Transcribe the words.

/3:/ /i:/ /3:/ /o:/

term – team burn - born

her – heat turn - torn

firm – feet her - horn

shirt – sheet worse – forth

16. Read the following sentences. Mind the right articulation of the sounds / 3: /.

1. The girl heard the nurse work.

2. It’s the worst journal in the world.

3. I affirm if you learn all words, you become an interpreting expert and earn a lot.

4. Can you confirm early morning’s murder?

5. We were heard talking about journeys and excursions.

17. Listen to the dialogue (Sound Right 16.2). Intone it. Learn and reproduce it, paying attention to the pronunciation of the sound / 3: /.

18. Learn the following graphical rules:

Vowel / 3: / is represented in spelling by:

1. The letters “e, i, u, y” followed by “r” /third syllable –type/ (term, bird, fur)

2. “ear” + a consonant (earth, heard) BUT: heart, hearth /a: /

3. “wor” (work, word)

4. “our” (journal, journey)

19. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the proverbs and sayings. Learn them:

1. Murder will out.

2. It’s an early bird that catches the first worm.

3. First come, first served.

4. Live and learn.

5. As is the workman, so is the work.

20. Learn the following tongue twister and read the text as fast as you can:

The vowel sound /ә /.

1. L isten to the sound / ә /. Look at the mouth diagram to see how to make this short vowel sound.

In pronouncing the English / ә / the position of the tongue and lips resembles that of / 3: /, but the tongue is lower. The lips are neutral.

2. Listen and repeat.

A photograph of Barbara, a glass of water, a pair of binoculars, a photograph of her mother and father, a book about South America.

3. Read these examples of the sound / ә /.

Weak A: away banana woman sugar about aroma collar

Weak E: garden paper under bigger worker agent patent

Weak O: police doctor correct today kingdom seldom ivory

Weak U: support figure August chorus ketchup treasure

Other: “re” litre metre theatre fibre; “ou” colour labour neighbour

4. Read this story aloud. The spelling has been changed to show you when to make the sound / ә /.

Barbәrә spent Satәrday aftәnoon looking әt ә beautiful book әbout South әmericә.

“I want tә go tә South әmericә,” she said tә hәself.

Thә next morning, when Barbәrә woke up it wәs six ә’clock, әnd hә brothәs and sistәs wә still әsleep. Barbәrә looked әt thәm, and closed hәr eyes әgain.

Then she quiәtly got out әf bed әnd started tә pack hә suitcase.

She took sәme comfәtәble clothes out әf thә cupbәd. She packed ә pair әf binoculәs әnd hә sistә’s camәrә. She packed ә photәgraph әf hәself әnd one әf hә mothәr and fathә.

“I mustn’t fәget tә have sәme breakfәst,” she said tә hәself. Bәt then she looked әt thә clock. It wәs ә quartә tә seven.

“I’ll jәst drink ә glass әf watә,” she said.

“ә glass әf watә,” she said.

“Watә,” she said әnd opened hәr eyes.

She wәs still in hә bed, әnd hә brothәs әnd sistәs wә laughing әt hә.

“Tell әs what you wә dreaming әbout,” they said tә hә.

Bәt Barbәrә didn’t answә. She wәs thinking әbout hә wondәful journey tә South әmericә.

5. Read the following sentences. Mind the right articulation of the sounds / ә /.

1. I ate an apple and a banana in a cinema in Canada.

2. Papa bought me a balloon at the circus.

3. Anna has another parasol.

4. She gave me some chocolate when I went away.

5. The pilot jumped from the balloon in a parachute.

6. A buffalo, a zebra and a gorilla escaped from the circus.

7. The famous attorney submitted an appeal.

8. He fell asleep on the sofa.

6. Learn the following graphical rules:

Vowel / ә / is represented in spelling by:

1. The letter “a” in prefixes (about)

2. In suffixes “er, or, ar, our, ous” (teacher, doctor, cellar, neighbour, famous)

3. “a, o, u” when non-accented (sofa, atom, column)

The /υ/-gliding diphthongs /aυ / and /әυ/.