Language Notes

-23-

1- (late – lately-later)

• متأخر late

• She was sorry because she came late.

• مؤخرا – حديثا lately

• He has bought a new car lately.

• فيما بعد later

• He went to the market. Later, he visited his uncle.

2- (remember – remind)

• يتذكر (من ذات نفسه) remember

• Ahmed remembered to send the letter.

• يذكر remind

• The secretary reminded me of the conference.

3- (trip – journey – voyage – flight)

رحلة جوية fight- رحلة بحرية voyage- رحلة برية طويلة journey- رحلة برية قصيرة trip

4- on

فى يوم ... on Saturday – on Monday / فى مهمة عمل on business/فى وقت العمل on duty

فى أجازة on holiday/ فى الوقت المحدد on time

Grammar الاستنتاج 1- Deduction

Deductions in the past	Deductions in the present
must have + pp	تأكد مثبت must + infinitive
can’t have + pp	تأكد منفى can’t + infinitive
may have + pp	احتمالية may + infinitive
might have + pp	احتمالية ضعيفة might + infinitive

1- يمكن استخدام could have + pp للتعبير عن أشياء كان من الممكن حدوثها فى الماضى ولكنها لم تحدث.

• It was possible for him to travel abroad but he didn’t.

• He could have traveled abroad.

2- تستخدم couldn’t have +pp لبيان استحالة حدوث الشيء فى الماضى.

• It is impossible that he moved that big stone.

• He couldn’t have moved that big stone.

2- تستخدم (should) shouldn’t have + pp للتعبير عن نصيحة فى الماضى

• You should have studied hard for the exam.

• You shouldn’t have done that silly thing.

3- تستخدم must أيضا للتعبير عن الضرورة ونفيها don’t have to و doesn’t have to وماضيها had to

والضرورة فى المستقبل will have to.

4- تستخدم needn’t و don’t have to و doesn’t have to للتعبير عن عدم الضرورة.

الروابط Conjunctions

أولا: روابط الغرض

إذا كانت الجملة الثانية غرضا للأولى.

لكى to / in order to / so as to

• يأتي فى وسط الجملة (أو أولها) • يليه مصدر الفعل • تنفى بوضع not قبل to

• He would like to join the sports club so as to get fit.

-24-

لكى so that / in order that/in the hope that

• فى وسط الجملة •بعدها ضمير يعود على فاعل الجملة الثانية

• ونستخدم can / mayفى زمن المضارع اوالمستقبل أو الأمر و could / might فى زمن الماضى.

• He would like to join the sports club so that he can get fit.

ملحوظة:

• تحذف wanted to / wish to / hope to عند استخدام الروابط السابقة ونستخدمها مع روابط السبب.

• He would like to join the sports club because he wanted to get fit.

• He would like to join the sports club to (in order that he can) get fit.

بينما As – While

• تستخدم للتعبير عن حدث كان مستمرا فى الماضى وقطعه حدث آخر.

As (while) + past continuous + past simple

• As (While) Hala was studying, her friend phoned.

• تستخدم للتعبير عن حدث كان مستمرا فى الماضى وفى نفس الوقت كان هناك حدثا آخر مستمرا معه.

As (While) + past continuous + past continuous

• As (While) dad was reading, mum was cooking.

• يأتيان فى أول الجملة أو وسطها.