International banking

The world’s largest banks are located in Europe, the United States and Japan. In most cases they operate in many countries of the world. Because banking is a global industry that does not stop at a country’s borders there must be worldwide agreements. International standards that banks must obey are written down in the Basel accords.

History of banking

Banking has a long tradition. In Mesopotamia bankers kept gold and silver for people and lent it to others. Ancient Rome and Greece had similar banking systems to the ones we have today.

During the Middle Ages Italy was the centre of European banking. Jewish traders emerged as the first bankers and became very successful businessmen. Florence and Venice became known as two cities in which many people earned their money through banking. The Medici family dominated Florence for over two centuries and set up Europe’s largest bank in the 15 th century.

The first world wide banking crisis emerged during the Great Depression in 1929. Many citizens lost their jobs and their savings as banks crashed. In 1933 American president Franklin D. Roosevelt signed a bill in which the government guaranteed the savings of depositors if a bank went bankrupt.

In 2008 a banking crisis hit America and spread throughout the world. Banks gave homeowners mortgages without checking their financial backgrounds. House prices began to drop and banks lost a lot of money. Governments in many countries had to give them money and prevent them from becoming bankrupt.

Ex. l. Read and translate the given text.

Робота над текстом за професійним спрямуванням.

World's Top 10 Greatest Painters & Sculptors

10. Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)

Painting Masterpieces by Rubens

- Samson and Deliah (1609)

- Descent from the Cross (1611-14)

9. Jan Van Eyck (1390-1441)

Painting Masterpieces by Jan Van Eyck

- Ghent Alterpiece (1432)

- Man in a Red Turban (1433)

8. Auguste Rodin (1840-1917)

Sculpture Masterpieces by Auguste Rodin

- The Thinker (1881) Bronze

- The Kiss (1888-9) Marble

7. Claude Monet (1840-1926)

Painting Masterpieces by Claude Monet

- Impression, Sunrise (1873)

- Poppies Near Argenteuil (1873)

6. Donatello (1386-1466)

Sculpture Masterpieces by Donatello

- David (c.1440) Bronze

- Mary Magadalene (c.1455)

5. JMW Turner (1775-1851)

Painting Masterpieces by JMW Turner

- Burning of the House of Lords and Commons (1835)

4. Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)

Painting Masterpieces by Leonardo Da Vinci

- Lady with Ermine (c.1490)

- The Last Supper (1495-98)

3. Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)

Painting Masterpieces by Picasso

- Blue Nude (c.1904)

- Garcon a la Pipe (1905)

2. Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-69)

Painting Masterpieces by Rembrandt

- Jacob Blessing the Children of Joseph (1656)

- The Nightwatch (1642)

- Syndics of the Cloth-Makers Guild (1662)

1. Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564)

Masterpieces of Painting/Sculpture by Michelangelo

- Pieta (1497-9)

- David (1501-4) Marble

Ex. 1. Think about top three of your greatest painters & sculptors

Граматичний матеріал: Прийменник.

We say:

in the morning(s) in the afternoon(s)        in the evening(s)	but	on Friday morning(s) on Sunday afternoon(s) on Monday evening(s)   etc.
•    I'll see you in the morning.    •    Do you work in the evenings?		•    I'll see you on Friday morning.       •    Do you work on Saturday evenings?

We use at in these expressions:

at night at the weekend / at weekends at Christmas at the moment / at present at the same time

•    I don't like going out at night.    •    Will vou be here at the weekend?    •    Do you give each other presents at Christmas?    •    Mr Benn is busy at the moment / at present.    •    Emily and I arrived at the same time.

We say:

in the morning(s) in the afternoon(s)        in the evening(s)	but	on Friday morning(s) on Sunday afternoon(s) on Monday evening(s)   etc.
•    I'll see you in the morning.    •    Do you work in the evenings?		•    I'll see you on Friday morning.       •    Do you work on Saturday evenings?

Ex. 1. Put in at, on or in. 1. Mozart was born in Salzburg    in     1756. 2. I haven't seen Kate for a few days. I last saw her ________ Tuesday. 3. The price of elecrriciry is going up ________ October. 4. ________ weekends, we often go for long walks in the country. 5.  I've been invited to a wedding ________ 14 February. 6.  Jonathan is 63. He'll be retiring from his job ________ two years' time. 7.  I'm busy just now, but I'll be with you ________ a moment. 8. Jenny's brother is an engineer, but he doesn't have a job ________ the moment. 9.  There are usually a lot of parties ________ New Year's Eve. 10. I don't like driving ________ night. 11. My car is being repaired at the garage. It will be ready ________ two hours. 12. The telephone and the doorbell rang ________ he same time. 13.  Mary and David always go out for dinner ________ their wedding anniversary. 14.  It was a short book and easy to read. I read it ________ a day. 15.  ________ Saturday night I went to bed ________ midnight. 16. We travelled overnight to Paris and arrived ________ 5  o'clock ________ the morning. 17.  The course begins ________ 7 January and ends sometime ________ April. 18.  I might not be at home ________ Tuesday morning, but I'll be there ________ the afternoon.

We use by in many expressions to say how we do something. For example, you can:          send something by post    contact somebody by phone / by email / by fax          do something by hand      pay by cheque / by credit card    •    Can I pay by credit card?    •    You can contact me by phone, by fax or by email. But we say pay cash or pay in cash (not by cash). We also say by mistake / by accident / by chance:    •    We hadn't arranged to meet. We met by chance. But we say 'do something on purpose' (= you mean to do it):    •    I didn't do it on purpose. It was an accident. Note that we say by chance, by cheque etc. (not by the chance / by a cheque). In these expressions we use by + noun without the or a.

In the same way we use by ... to say how somebody travels: by car / by train / by plane / by boat / by ship / by bus / by bike etc. by road / by rail / by air / by sea / by underground    •    Joanne usually goes to work by bus.    •    Do you prefer to travel by air or by train? But we say on foot:    •    Did you come here by car or on foot? You cannot use by if you say my car / the train / a taxi etc. We use by + noun without 'a/the/my' etc. We say:        by car        but      in my car (not by my car)        by train      but      on the train  (not by the train) We use in for cars and taxis:    •    They didn't come in their car. They came in a taxi. We use on for bicycles and public transport (buses, trains etc.):    •    We travelled on the 6.45 train.

Ex. 1. Put in by, in or on. 1. Joanne usually goes to work    by    bus 2. I saw Jane this morning. She was _____ the bus. 3. How did you get here? Did you come _____ train? 4. I decided not to go _____ car. I went _____ my bike instead. 5. I didn't feel like walking home, so I came home _____ a taxi. 6. Sorry we're late. We missed the bus, so we had to come _____ foot. 7. How long does it take to cross the Atlantic _____ ship?

Ex. 2. Put in by, in, on or with. 1.Have you ever been bitten    by    a dog? 2.The plane was badly damaged ______ lightning. 3.We managed to put the fire out ______ a fire extinguisher. 4.Who is that man standing ______ the window? 5. These photographs were taken ______ a friend of mine. 6. I don't mind going ______ car, but I don't want to go ______ your car. 7. There was a small table ______ the bed ______ a lamp and a clock ______ it.

Домашнє завдання:

1. Опрацювати текст за професійним спрямуванням.

2. Опрацювати граматичний матеріал, виконати запропоновані вправи.