Vocabulary:

to apply – застосовувати

to gain – отримувати

experience – досвід

efficient – ефективний, дієвий

loosely – неточно, недбало

latter – нещодавній, останній

aid – допожні засоби

draftsmen – конструктор

large-scale – великомасштабний

to involve – залучати

scope – область дії

Task 2. What is engineering? Use a monolingual dictionary to define this term. Discuss your answers in group.

Task 3. Can you draw a difference between mathematical and natural sciences?

Task 4. Look up the following words in a dictionary and explain their meanings and usage peculiarities.

Trade, craft, profession, job, occupation, work and career.

Task 5. Discuss the following problems in group.

a) What are the main branches of engineering?

b) What does the field of your speciality deal with?

c) Prove that a modern engineer has to require a basic knowledge of lots of engineering fields.

Task 6. Read and translate the text.

Modern Engineering Trends

Scientific methods of engineering are applied in several fields not connected directly to manufacture and construction. Modern engineering is characterized by the broad application of what is known as systems engineering principles. The systems approach is a methodology of decision-making in design, operation, or construction that adopts the formal process included in what is known as the scientific method; an interdisciplinary, or team, approach, using specialists from not only the various engineering disciplines, but from legal, social, aesthetic, and behavioral fields as well; a formal sequence of procedure employing the principles of operations research.

Engineers in industry work not only with machines but also with people, to determine, for example, how machines can be operated most efficiently by the workers. A small change in the location of the controls of a machine or of its position with relation to other machines or equipment, or a change in the muscular movements of the operator, often results in greatly increased production. This type of engineering work is called time-study engineering.

Among various recent trends in the engineering profession, licensing and computerization are the most widespread. Today, many engineers, like doctors and lawyers, are licensed, by the state. The trend in modern engineering offices is overwhelmingly toward computerization. Computers are increasingly used for solving complex problems as well as for handling, storing, and generating the enormous volume of data modern engineers must work with.

The National Academy of Engineering, founded in 1964 as a private organization, sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages new researches, and is concerned with the relationship of engineering to society.

Vocabulary:

to adopt – приймати

approach – підхід

legal – загальноприйнятий

behavioral – поведінковий

sequence – послідовність

to determine – визначати

widespread – широко поширений

trend – тенденція, загальний напрямок

enormous – величезний

to encourage – надихати

Task 7. Answer the questions.

1. What recent trends of engineering professions are considered to be the most widespread?

2. What is the influence of computerization process on the contemporary level of high-tech development?

3. Characterize modern engineering trends of our century.

Task 8. Discuss the following problems in group:

a) What are the principles modern engineering is characterized by?

b) What do you know about The National Academy of Engineering?

Task 9. Give English definition for the following.

1. engineering

2. engineer

3. subprofessional (paraprofessional)

4. military engineering

5. modern engineering

6. the systems approach

7. time-study engineering

8. The National Academy of Engineering

Task 10. Read and translate the text.