5. Match the names from the column a with the words and word combinations from the column b. Then make up sentences:

A B

1. Newton a) microscopes

2. Newton and Leibniz b) the surface of Mars

3. Galileo c) telescopes

4. Hooke, Huygens and Leeuwenhoek d) the mathematics of calculus

5. Newton, Hooke and Huygens e) the fixed centre of the universe

6. Huygens f) gravity

6. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Когда я вошел в офис, секретарь печатала письмо, кто-то говорил по телефону, заказчики ждали своей очереди. 2. Обсуждение этого вопроса продолжалось с двух до трех часов. 3. У них была сложная ситуация. Они не знали, что делать. 4. Когда делегация прибыла в Москву, группа студентов встречала их в аэропорту. 5. Когда мы вошли в конференц-зал, лектор отвечал на вопросы студентов. 6. Мы готовились к контрольной работе по математике, когда пришел мой друг. 7. Наши студенты выполняли практическую работу в хорошо оборудованной (well equipped) лаборатории, когда кто-то неожиданно отключил свет. 8. Что ты делал, когда произошла авария? – Я устанавливал систему. 9. Чтобы получить хорошие результаты, ученые проводили эксперимент в темной комнате. 10. Архимед был без сомнения величайшим изобретателем древних времен. Он изобрел не только большое количество механических устройств, но и построил первый водяной насос. Люди называют его архимедовым винтом (Archimedean screw) и все еще используют во многих местах.

Revision exercises

7. Translate the sentences, paying special attention to the usage of tenses. Put all kinds of questions to the content of the exercise:

1. 4500 million years ago, the Earth was a ball of molten rock which has slowly cooled. While the Earth was still forming, the atmosphere was mainly hydrogen and helium. These gases had such small molecules that they escaped from the Earth’s gravitational attraction into outer space.

When plants appeared on the Earth, 3500 million years ago, they formed oxygen from water and carbon dioxide by photosynthesis. During the last century, an increase in the burning of fossil fuels (ископаемое топливо) has led to a small steady increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Now scientists are looking for ways to make factories and cars run cleaner. In the nearest future scientists will figure out ways to burn coal bum (низкопробный) more cleanly.

2. The Greek civilization flourished 2500 years ago on the shores of the Ionian and Aegean Seas (modern Greece and Turkey). Although its population never exceeded two million, ancient Greece made great innovations in philosophy, politics, architecture and arts. The Greek culture is the basis of western civilization nowadays.

8. Read and translate the following passages:

1. We have to realize that our whole history is the history of technology, regardless of the exact form it took. Technology, for instance, will soon make the “intelligent home”. New homes will have a special electronic system which will connect lights, heating, security, and anything else the owner chooses.

2. Charles Babbage (1792-1871) began his lifelong quest to create a mechanical calculating engine in 1821. That night the young Babbage and his friend John Herschel were pouring over manuscripts of some mathematical tables that they were preparing for the Astronomical society, painstakingly checking the tens of thousands of entries one by one. As they did, they came across error after error made by the ‘computer’, the poorly paid human calculators who worked out such figures. Finally Babbage exclaimed, ‘I wish to god these calculations had been executed by steam’.

In spite of the tedious task of computing tables and the high chance of mistakes, at the time such tables were vital in many spheres of life – science, engineering, insurance, banking and more. When a ship set sail, for instance, the navigator’s cabin was lined with volume after volume of tables to help him pinpoint the ship’s position at sea.

3. An American astronomer Edwin Hubble is remembered by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), an orbiting observatory that has shown us some most stunning views of the cosmos ever observed. It was launched into space by the space shuttle Discovery on 25 April 1990. Its instruments detect not only visible light, but also ultraviolet and infrared light. Its camera is able to achieve a resolution ten times greater than even the largest Earth-based telescope. As a result, today’s astronomers can observe distant celestial objects with clarity that Hubble and his contemporaries could only have dreamt of.