10. Read and translate. Which sentences express suggestion? Which sentences express strong obligation?

1) You should go on a diet. 2) You must clean your diving equipment regularly if you want to keep it in good condition. 3) You should share your problem with your parents. 4) You must fasten the belts in a plane. 5) I am to do this exercise, because my instructor told me to do it in order to check my progress on the unit.

11. Choose the correct translation of the following sentences:

1. Он должен идти в библиотеку.

He may go to the library. He had to go to the library. He must go to the library.

2. Он должен идти в библиотеку в 2 часа.

He may go to the library at 2 o’clock. He is to go to the library at 2 o’clock. He must go to the library at 2 o’clock.

3. Он может идти в библиотеку в 2 часа.

He must go to the library at 2 o’clock. He may go to the library at 2 o’clock. He can go to the library at 2 o’clock.

4. Он должен был идти в библиотеку позже.

He must go to the library later. He should go to the library later. He had to go to the library later.

5. Ему следует идти в библиотеку.

He must go to the library. He should go to the library. He will have to go to the library.

6. Он может очень быстро читать.

He could read very quickly. He will be able to read very quickly. He can read very quickly.

7. Ему разрешат идти в библиотеку после двух.

He is allowed to go to the library after 2. He will be allowed to go to the library after 2. He was allowed to go to the library after 2.

8. Ему не нужно идти в библиотеку сразу.

He mustn’t go to the library at once. He needn’t go to the library at once. He is not allowed to go to the library at once.

12. Choose the right modal verb or its equivalent:

можно выполнить – (must, should, can) perform; быть в состоянии исследовать – (be allowed to, be able to, have to) investigate; должно начаться в 4 – (have to, may, be to) begin at 4; следует вычислить – (need, should, may) calculate; не нужно создавать – (shouldn’t, needn’t, may not) create; можно использовать этот справочник – (can, may, must) use this manual; необходимо решить – (must, be allowed, may) solve.

13. Translate the sentences, make them negative and interrogative:

1. We were able to find some interesting information in that book. 2. Some students of our group will be allowed to take exams in May. 3. He has to do a series of experiments. 4. You will be able to do this task tomorrow. 5. My friend is to take part in the conference. 6. The students were allowed to do research. 7. I am able to translate this sentence without a dictionary. 8. They were to arrive at 4 a.m. 9. You are allowed to use a calculator doing sums.

14. Fill the gaps, using modal verbs must, should, need, have to, be to, may, can. Open the brackets and put the verbs into the correct form:

1. As we have agreed before, we _____ (to meet) at two o’clock to go to the planetarium to observe the planetary motion through the huge telescope. 2. Who _____ (to go) to the library to get the new books? – I _____, but I can’t because I ______ (to finish) an important work at the laboratory. 3. You ______ (to attend) a very interesting lecture which (to be held) tomorrow. 4. If you want to improve your English, you _____ (to work) hard. 5. The computer isn't working. They_____(to damage) it during production. 6. The book is optional. The professor said we _____ (to read) it if we needed extra credit. But we _____ (to read) it if we don't want to. 7. They _____ (to deliver) package tomorrow afternoon. It was sent by express mail this morning. 8. One_____ know that “roentgen” is a unit of radiation. 9. He _____ (to be) careful with this device. It is very dangerous. 10. I ______ (to speak) Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Egypt. But after we moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot almost everything I knew as a child. Now, I_____ just (to say) a few things in the language. 11. It _____ (to be) Sam who called and didn't leave a message on the answering machine. He said he wanted to get together with us this weekend. 12. There is something wrong with your TV. You ____ (to call) a repair-man.

15. Read and translate. Pay attention to the usage of the modal verbs and their equivalents. Then work with a partner. Take turns to ask and answer questions to these paragraphs. Use the words and word combinations below:

important role computer mistakes

educational and entertaining computer-made catastrophe

basic computer skills bugs

to gain access to prevent a crash

1. Computers play an important role nowadays. Employees can work faster at their workplace than they used to in the past; in addition to this, computers can be educational and entertaining. 2. From a very young age children can gain basic computer skills through programs that allow them to learn, draw, paint, and play. In the future, these skills can help them gain access to the enormous versatility of the cultural heritage of the humanity.

3. As the demands placed on computers grow, so has the number of incidents involving computer mistakes. We should not ignore the warning from computer experts about the possible occurrence of a computer-made catastrophe. ‘Safety critical’ systems (системы обеспечения безопасности) that fly planes, drive trains or control nuclear stations also may have bugs (the word bug means ‘mistake’).

The only solution is that the IT experts have to learn to think clearly and to be able to demonstrate mathematically that the program cannot go seriously wrong.

Computerized systems may fail to warn of impending disaster (надвигающаяся катастрофа, опасность) and it is only quick human reaction that prevents a crash.