21. Look at the following international words, guess their meaning and check the pronunciation:

archeological, consult, civilization, medicine, astronomy, mathematics, engineering, Greek, revolution, principle, form, basis, atomic, theory, to demonstrate, philosopher, method, authority, province, monumental, geometry, trigonometry, course, religion, to organize, conflict, practitioner, period, history, heresy, structure, humanity, intellectual, discipline, process, testing, hypothesis, construction, facts, modification, astrology, chiromancy, parapsychology, telepathy, UFO-logy.

22. Give Russian equivalents to the following word combinations:

origin of science, archeological records, the Babylonian and Sumerian civilizations, applied mathematics, the ancient Greek, Greek thinkers, the first atomic theory, in spectacular fashion, the scientific method, the practitioners of science, monumental works, mathematical courses, the underlying principle.

Word building

23. Translate the following derivative words:

noun + -ic → adjective

atom – atomic, economy – economic, hero – heroic, science – scientific, drama – dramatic, magnet – magnetic, academy – academic;

adjective +-ly → adverb

electrical – electrically, approximate – approximately, relative – relatively, slight – slightly, equal – equally, active – actively.

24. Form the words using suffixes, translate them:

-ic: automat, poet, climate; -; -ly: general, constant, necessary, astonishing, geographical.

25. Form the verbs using prefixes –re; -dis, translate them:

Model: to write – to rewrite; to appear – to disappear

A. To build, to train, to paint, to tell, to use, to construct, to act.

B. To approve, to like, to trust, to cover, to agree, to believe.

26. Translate the following words analyzing their word-formation model:

purify, metabolize, maximize, minimize, optimize, sanitize, usage, storage, passage, breakage, postage.

27. Fill in the missing words where they exist. Use a dictionary when necessary:

verb	noun	adjective	adverb
	civilization
	theory
form
	practice
	modification
		divisible
think
detect
			mathematically
			principally
		scientific

Working on the text

28. Read and translate the text to learn about the origin of science: origin of science

Indeed, if one consults the archeological records, it seems clear that the Babylonian and Sumerian civilizations had rather more than rudimentary grasp of medicine, astronomy and applied mathematics, not to mention engineering.

From around the sixth century, however, we see signs in the ancient Greek world of what, perhaps, could be called (могло бы быть названо) scientific revolution. No longer satisfied with gods as the ultimate answer why the world is the way it is, Greek thinkers began to search for the underlying principle which would form (сформировали бы) the basis of a more satisfactory explanation. The great Thales, of Miletus proposed that the prime substance was water but Anaxagoras believed it to be air.

Democritus, astonishingly, proposed the first atomic theory – the word atom comes from the Greek ‘atomon’ literally translated as ‘indivisible’ (the word atom was not recognized until demonstrated in spectacular fashion by Ernst Rutherford in the twentieth century). What we read in the works of these pre-Socratic philosophers is not recognizable science, but we see glimmerings of the scientific method in the rejection of ‘truth by authority’ («истина с разрешения»). We also see the search for causes and principles based on observation and reason, the truth as a province of thinkers, rather than priests.

With advent of Euclid and Archimedes, whose monumental works on geometry and trigonometry – among others – are still required reading on mathematical courses today, we find ourselves on the terra cognita of recognizable science.

Science has often come into conflict with organized religion, and on those occasions, the practitioners of science generally came off worst. It happened not least because the practitioners of religion were all too eager to resort to threats, intimidation and even assassination, in order to avoid hearing opinions they do not agree with. At certain periods in history, established churches have been eager to detect the odor of heresy in scientific accounts of the cosmos, the origin and structure of the earth, and especially the scientific account of the origin of humanity.

However battered and bruised (потрёпанная и израненная) it may (возможно) at times have been, at the end of the twentieth century science emerged as a victor, as the key intellectual discipline for the twenty first century and beyond. The whole laborious trial and error of the scientific process, the testing, revising; and discarding of hypothesis; the diligent construction of theories which fit the known facts, and modification or abandonment of these, when new facts emerge; in short, the scientific method, produces results, results, which are testable, verifiable, falsifiable, and from which predictions can be made.

Astrology, chiromancy, divination, oneiromancy, parapsychology, telepathy, UFO-logy, ‘creation-science’, forecasting the weather from the entrails of sacrificial animals produce no such results. As it has been remarked elsewhere, those societies that have actively embraced the scientific method flourished.