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IX. Match the words (word combinations) in column a with their definitions in column b.

A

B

1. chemistry

a) a substance that can be decomposed into two or more substances

2. concept

b) different parts of which something is made up

3. composition

c) size or quantity taken as measurement of the space filled by matter

4. substance

d) the study of substances – their structure, properties and reactions

5. compound

e) process of converting substances into other substances

6. chemical reaction

f) a general idea or principle

7. volume

g) a homogeneous matter with definite chemical composition

X. Explain the following words and phrases in English:

  • chemical change

  • pure substance

  • mixture

  • liberation of energy

  • absorption of energy

  • analysis

  • synthesis

  • crystallization

XI. Answer the questions to the text.

1. What is the origin of chemistry associated with?

2. Whose discoveries did modern chemistry begin with?

3. What does chemistry deal with?

4. What is a chemical change? What is a physical change?

5. What do all forms of matter consist of?

6. What are the building blocks of matter?

7. What is a compound?

8. What do the terms analysis and synthesis mean?

9. What are the three states of matter?

10. How are the transformations of matter from one state into another called?

11. What are the chemical properties of matter?

12. What are the physical properties of matter?

13. Why is the role of chemistry in the modern world so great?

XII. Speak about the peculiarities of matter in each of the three states – gaseous, solid, and liquid.

XIII. Make up a plan of the text “Chemistry as a Science”. Speak on each point of the plan.

XIV. Speak on the significance of chemistry as a science.

XV. Read some statements on the fundamental discoveries in chemistry. Find some additional and more detailed information about these scientists and their discoveries.

* Robert Boyle was the first who studied quantitatively the relationship between the volume of gas and the external pressure upon it.

* A. Lavoisier, famous for his exact quantitative procedures and outstanding experiments, created the concept of chemical elements and expanded the list of elements known at that time to thirty-three.

* A. Avogadro introduced the concept of molecules. He stated that equal volumes of gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules.

* F. A. Kekule and A. M. Butlerov introduced the structural theory of organic chemistry.

* In 1869 D. I. Mendeleyev published his first description of the Periodic System and explained regularities in the properties of elements.

* N. Bohr developed theory of the hydrogen atom.

* In 1934 the Curies announced the preparation of artificially radioactive elements.

* Marie Curie discovered the two new elements – radium and polonium.