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World agriculture: review and outlook

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After studying this unit, you should be able to:

• state the role of agriculture

• define terminology related to agriculture;

• distinguish thetypes of agriculture;

• state the goals of agricultural policy;

• define the problems facing world agriculture;

• name the agricultural techniques;

• describe the role ofagricultural management;

• name cereals and industrial crops;

• name the types of vegetable crops;

• describe the benefits of agriculture.

Key terms

1. Study key terms and their definitions before reading Text a & b:

Agriculture- сільське господарство; землеробство - the work, business, or study of farming. Thescienceorpracticeoffarming, includingcultivationofthesoilforthegrowingofcropsandtherearingofanimalstoprovidefood, wool, andotherproducts.

Subsistenceagriculture-натуральне сільскегосподарство;- a type of farming in which most of the produce (subsistence crop) is consumed by the farmer and his family, leaving little or nothing to be marketed.

BoardofAgriculture — Міністерство землеробства ( уВеликої Британії)

Syn:farming , cultivation , tillage , tilling , husbandry , land/farm management , horticulture ; agribusiness , agronomy

Derived words:

Agriterrorism- crimes such as poisoning farm animals and crops for political aims

agritourism- tourism in which tourists stay with local people in rural areas abroad,for example farms

agronomics -the branch of economics that deals with the way land is used and the things that are produced by farming

agronomy-–thescienceofsoilmanagementandcropproduction

agronomist- an agronomist is someone who studies the growing and harvesting of crops.

Farming is growing crops or keeping animals by people for food and raw materials. Farming is a part of agriculture.

Cropn. -1) урожай, жатва; посів -an amount of crops grown in a particular year

good/heavy/ bumper crop — багатий урожай

crop failure — неврожай

land under crop — засіяна земля

landoutofcrop —незасіяна земля , невозделаннаяземля, земля, оставленнаяподпаром–cropduster

Syn:harvest; yield

2) культура;зернові (окультурах) a cultivated plant that is grown on a large scale commercially usually on a farm, especially a cereal, fruit, or vegetable

technical / industrial crops — технічні культури

blackcrop —бобові культури

greencrop — злак, зібраний недозрілим (на корм тваринам)

cropplants — хлібні злаки

whitecrops — зернові культури (особливо пшениця)

croprotation – сівозміна

Cropv. -1) збирати урожай; жати; косити -[withobj.] harvestplantsfrom a particulararea

2)сіяти, салити, засівати - soworplant (land) withplantsthatwillproducefoodorfodder, especiallyon a largecommercialscale

Livestock -1)велика рогата худоба 2) поголів’я худоби (домашньої )

animals such as horses, cows, sheep, and pigs, and similar animals that are kept on a farm or ranch for domestic use but not as pets and regardedasanasset

livestockbreeding–племінне тваринництво

livestockcapita–поголів’я худоби

Animal husbandry – тваринництво - the science of breeding and caring for farm animals

Breeding- разведение, выращивание (животных, растений) - the mating and production of offspring by animals ; reproduction

Livestockbreeding — тваринництво

Cattlebreeding — тваринництво, розведеннявеликої рогатої худоби

Pedigreecattle — племінна рогата худоба

horsebreeding —розведенняконей

poultrybreeding —розведенняптиць

sheepbreeding — розведення овець

Syn:stockraising ,stockbreeding, rearing

Grain- зерно; хлібні злаки ; крупи- wheat or any other cultivated cereal used as food

to grow grain — вирощувати зерно

to store grain — зберігатизерно

Syn: edible (used for food ) seed plants such as cereal , wheat , rice, rye , barley , oat, corn , maize , millet etc.

Note: bushel - a measure of capacity equal to 8 gallons (equivalent to 36.4 litres), used for corn, fruit, liquids, etc.

Poultry- свійська птиця ; м'ясо свійської птиці - domestic fowl, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese and other birds that are kept for their eggs and meat as poultry. Meat from these birds is also referred to as poultry.

poultrybreeding — розведення свійської птиці

poultry farming / keeping — птахівництво

poultry farm — птахоферма

poultry house — птичник

poultry maid — пташниця

poultry yard — пташник, пташня

Domestication- одомашнення - is a change that happens in wild animals or plants, when they are kept by humans for a long time.