15. Formulate the theme of each paragraph and make up a plan of the text.

16. Speak on management and managers summarizing the information of text B and ex. 7. Use ex. 15 as a helpful hand.

17. Translate into English.

1. Менеджмент основывается на научных теориях.

2. Менеджмент — это процесс координации различных видов ресурсов орга­низации для достижения организационных целей.

3. Существуют четыре вида ресурсов: материальные, финансовые, людские и информаци­онные.

4. Наиболее важными ресурсами любой организации явля­ются ее людские ресурсы.

5. Материальные ресурсы — это то, из чего из­готавливается конечный продукт, а также оборудование, используе­мое для его производства.

6. Финансовые ресурсы — это фонды, которые организация использует для выполнения своих обязательств перед различными кредиторами.

7. Внешнее окружение, которое включает экономику, потребительс­кие рынки, технологию, политику и культурные факторы, изменяется очень быстро.

8. Организация не может выжить, если она не приспосабливается к (adapt to) внешнему окружению.

9. Для любой компании важно знать инфор­мацию о своих конкурентах.

1. Read and translate the text "Early Management Thought". Text c. Early Management Thought

Management has been practiced for thousands years. All early civilization that rose to prominence and power employed management tools and techniques effectively. The Egyptians and Greeks provide representative examples.

THE EGYPTians. The Egyptians are best known for their construction of pyra­mids, a massive engineering and management feat. From an engineering viewpoint, the largest of these structures, the Great Pyramid in Giza, is almost perfectly square, when in fact, it covered an areas slightly over 13 acres and was approximately 147 meters high. The sides were accurately oriented to the four cardinal points and, according to modern engineers the inside is so vast that the Cathedral of Florence, the Cathedral of Milan, St. Paul's in London, Westminster Abbey and St. Peter's in Rome could all be grouped within it.

To accomplish this engineering feat, the Egyptians had to have important managerial insights into planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling people at work. Stones had to be precut at the quarries, numbered, floated downriver, ta­ken from the raft, dragged to the construction site, and hoisted into place. Much of what is currently known about construction management was undoubtedly known, if only in rudimentary fashion, to the management team that constructed the Great Pyramid.

THE GREEKS. The Greeks also had a working knowledge of effective manage­ment practices. For example, they were aware that maximum work output could be attained most easily by using uniform methods at a set work tempo. They found this principle to be especially true in the case of monotonous, repetitive or difficult tasks, and they set the pace with music. This latter approach is still used today, in firms that pipe soft music into their work sur­roundings to make the environment more pleasant. The Greeks also employed specialization of labour. They realized that great efficiency could be attained if each worker is concentrated on just one job or task.