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13. Agree or disagree. Correct wrong statements.

1. Marketing is the process promoting the sale of goods and services to consumers.

2. The principal function of marketing is to promote and facilitate exchange.

3. The process of exchange can occur whenever there are two parties having something to offer.

4. Marketing is a coercive process.

5. We must distinguish marketing from merchandising.

6. Marketing is not confined to any particular type of economy.

7. Marketing is confined only to profit-oriented business.

8. Usually marketing is a department within an organization.

14. Arrange the sentences according to the text.

1. Marketing can take a variety of forms.

2. Marketing is the sum of activities which directs the flow of goods and services from producers to consumers.

3. Marketing is used in all economies and societies and in all types of business.

4. Its principal function is to promote and facilitate goods.

5. Merchandising is characteristic of free market economies.

6. Marketing is not a coercive process: all parties are free to accept or reject the offers.

15. Formulate the theme of each paragraph and make up a plan of the text.

16. Say what you have learnt about marketing from text a and ex.7(b), p. 71.

1. Read and translate the text "The Evolving Discipline of Marketing ". Text b. The Evolving Discipline of Marketing

The marketing discipline had its origin in the early 20th century as an offspring of economics. Economic science had neglected the role of middlemen and the role of functions other than price in the determination of demand levels. Early marketing economists examined agricultural and industrial markets and described them in greater detail than the classical economists. This examination resulted in the development of three approaches to the analysis of marketing activity: the commodity, the institution, and the function.

Commodity analysis studies the ways in which a product or product group is brought to market. A commodity analysis of milk, for example, traces the ways in which milk is collected at individual dairy farms, transported to and processed at local dairy cooperatives, and shipped to grocers and supermarkets for consumer purchase. Institutional analysis describes the types of businesses that play a prevalent role in marketing, such as wholesale or retail institutions. For instance, an institutional analysis of clothing wholesalers examines the ongoing concerns that wholesalers face in order to ensure both the correct supply for their customers and the appropriate inventory and shipping capabilities. Finally, a functional analysis examines the general tasks that marketing performs. For example, any marketing effort must ensure that the product is transported from the supplier to the customer. In some industries, this transportation function may be handled by a truck, while in others it may be done by mail, facsimile, television signal, or airline. All these institutions perform the same function.

As the study of marketing became more prevalent throughout the 20th century, large companies - particularly mass consumer manufacturers - began to recognize the importance of market research, better product design, effective distribution, and sustained communication with consumers in the success of their brands. Marketing concepts and techniques later moved into the industrial-goods sector and subsequently into the services sector. It soon became apparent that organizations and individuals marketed not only goods and services but also ideas (social marketing), places (location marketing), personalities (celebrity marketing), events (event marketing), and even the organizations themselves (public relations).

Vocabulary on the text.

apparent, adj – видимый, очевидный

celebrity, n – известность

evolve, v – развиваться

facsimile, n –факсимиле (воспроизводить в точности)

neglect, v – пренебрегать, не обращать внимания

offspring, n – результат, плод, детище

ongoing concerns – постоянные проблемы

prevalent, adj – широко распространенный

sustained, adj – непрерывный, длительный

2. Give Russian equivalents.

had its origin; had neglected the role of middlemen; for consumer purchase; to ensure supply and inventory; throughout the 20th century; began to recognize the importance; subsequently.

3. Give English equivalents.

развивать(ся); детище; постоянные проблемы; широко распространенный; пренебрегать; товарный анализ; приводить к чему-либо; подход; постоянное общение; важность рыночных исследований; выполнять функцию.

4. Match the words which are close in their meaning.

1. appropriate

a. good

2. to examine

b. common

3. commodity

c. to sell

4. general

d. suitable

5. to perform

e. for instance

6. to begin

f. to start

7. to market

g. to execute

8. for example

h. investigate

5. Match the words having the opposite meaning.

1. demand

a. public

2. large

b. supply

3. early

c. small

4. better

d. late

5. effective

e. worse

6. individual

f. wrong

7. wholesale

g. ineffective

8. correct

h. retail

6. Match the words to make a word combination.

1. economic

a. relations

2. demand

b. function

3. agricultural

c. markets

4. classical

d. science

5. marketing

e. level

6. commodity

f. economists

7. product

g. activity

8. dairy

h. analyses

9. transportation

I. group

10. market

j. forms

11. public

k. research

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