§ 3. The population and density of population

Republic Kazakhstan is the multinational state. The people ­ occupying our country, differ with customs, ceremonies and traditions, labour skills. However the most characteristic sign of distinction of the nations is language - the main means of dialogue of people. A state language of our republic is Kazakh­.

Knowledge of population, its age and sexual structure, geographical placing, density are of great importance.

Population. To the greatest degree population ­ has grown during the Soviet period. According to census of 1999, population of Kazakhstan has made 14 million 953 thousand 126 persons. In comparison with 1989 decrease on 1 million 246 thousand persons, or on 7,7 % was observed. Under the statistical data, population of Kazakhstan for January, 1st, 2009 has made 15 million 776 thousand persons.

On preliminary results of the Second population census of Kazakhstan ­ in February, 2009, population has made more than 16 million 402 thousand persons. It is 50 place in the world and 4 place among the CIS countries (after Russia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan). The head of the country has set the task­: by 2015 population of Kazakhstan should make ­ 20 million persons. To reach this indicator, the annual number of newborns should make 670 thousand Proceeding from it, the increase in a gain of population should be a paramount ­ question of the agenda, an actual problem of the society ­ and the government of Kazakhstan.

Demography (from Greek demos - "people" and grapho - I "write") - a science ­ about laws of reproduction of the population in its socially - historical conditionality. The demography studies dynamics of reproduction ­ of the population and its separate groups by the analysis of demographic ­ processes.

Population reduction is influenced by birth rate decrease­, death rate increase and intensity of emigratory processes.

Birth rate - quantity of viviparity children on 1 thousand population for 1 year.

Along with birth rate an important indicator of natural movement of the population is death rate.

Death rate - the demographic indicator characterising a state of health of the population: quantity of death on 1 thousand population for 1 year.

The population increase is influenced by the natural increase and migration.

Natural increase is the parity between number born and died for the certain period on each one thousand ­ In 1997 in comparison with 1991 the population natural increase ­ on 1000 inhabitants has decreased with 13,3 to 4,6. Now the ­ natural increase factor ­ makes 12,63 persons. Average life expectancy of the population of Kazakhstan makes 66,14, including men - 60 and women - 71 year. Reduction of number of men is observed also.

Population increases both at the expense of the natural increase, and at the expense of immigrants from other countries and regions. Such changes are called mechanical movement, moving ­ - migration. Migration is divided into internal and external.

Along with population shift in foreign countries there are ­ processes of intrarepublican migration. As a result of the developed ­ building in territory of Kazakhstan during the Soviet ­ period, development of mineral deposits, buildings ­ of the metallurgical enterprises, power stations many immigrants ­ have arrived from Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. For example, only as a result of building of the Karaganda metallurgical industrial complex ­ in republic have settled about 100 thousand persons, and in 50-60th years at development virgin and laylands - over 1 million persons. Migration has led to population increase in Kazakhstan, has given the chance to provide with labour resource various ­ branches of an economy, including the industrial enterprises.

In connection with development of Kazakhstan in the conditions of independence, difficulties ­ of transition to market economy in the nineties ­ migratory process in other countries of the world XX century has amplified­. In connection with carrying out ­ of policy of regulation of migratory ­ process by the government of Kazakhstan ­ outflow and population inflow became equal. For example­, in 2006 to Kazakhstan has arrived 65 308, and has left 33 914 persons (for January - May, 2008 has left 11 356, and there have arrived 19 833 persons­). Outflow and inflow of the population of Kazakhstan is necessary basically to the CIS countries (74,9 % arrived Kazakhs make, 69,6 % left ­ - Russian).

Population density. Population density - degree of density of population ­ of concrete territory - is expressed by the number of resident population ­ having on unit of the area. Average population density on 1 km² in Kazakhstan makes 5,6 persons ­ is in 2,5 times lower, than in the CIS countries (12,8 persons), and in 6,6 times below a world indicator (40 persons). On this indicator Kazakhstan is on last place in the CIS. Average density of agricultural population is even lower - 2,6 persons on 1 km².

Such low population density is connected with huge territory ­ and small number of the population of Kazakhstan.

Population placing influence to historical, natural and business factors.

In the northeast of republic and in foothill areas of Southern ­ Altai where in the course of development of minerals there was the ­ concentration of industrial centres, in agricultural southern and southeast areas, in basins of the rivers of Syrdariya, Talas­, As, and also along the Transkazakhstan and Turksib-railways ­ population density is high.

In the central, western, southwest cattle-breeding areas ­ population density is very low owing to insufficient development of the transport network.

During building of the largest irrigating systems in the south of Kazakhstan number of agricultural population in deserted and semidesertic areas has increased.

In post-war years as a result of industrialisation and ­ agriculture reorganisation ­ there were considerable changes in population density indicators. Near to industrial centres ­ and new cities population density has increased. To oil, metallurgical and chemical industrial centres ­ of the Western and Central Kazakhstan there has arrived ­ set of people from other areas of republic.

National structure of the population. Kazakhstan is the multinational ­ state. In its territory representatives of different national ­ and ethnic groups over 130 nationalities and nationalities live­. Except a radical Kazakh nationality ­ Russian, Ukrainians, Byelorussians, Germans, Uzbeks, Uigurs, Tatars, Koreans, etc live in republic.

According to the known Kazakhstan scientist-demographer M.Tatimov, during the period between 1646 and 1943 population ­ of republic has decreased to 5 million 900 thousand persons. Besides, in the thirties XX century as a result of Stalin reprisals, errors at collectivisation carrying out, for hunger in Kazakhstan 2 million persons of indigenous population were lost, about 100 thousand have emigrated ­ abroad.

Under the statistical data for January, 1st, 2009, number of aboriginals ­ has made 67,6 % from total number of the population of republic­. In comparison with 1999 number of Kazakhs for 10 years has increased ­ on 8,5 %. By 2010 in Kazakhstan will live an order of 10 million Kazakhs. Kazakhs live in all territory of the country, the major quantity - in the south and the west where the animal industries (in Kyzylorda area - 95 %, in Atyrau area - 89 %, in Mangistau - 79 %, in South Kazakhstan - 68 %) are developed. In countryside number of Kazakhs exceeds 90 %.

Diaspora - stay of a considerable part of the people (an ethnic generality) out of the country of the origin.

The most numerous diaspora in Kazakhstan is Russian. Also ­ numerous diasporas are represented by Ukrainians, Germans, Uzbeks­, Tatars, Uigurs.

The structure of the population of Kazakhstan was considerably affected by references (deportation) and prosecutions of the people of Soviet Union in the forties XX century. So, during this period to republic there have arrived Germans, Koreans, Poles, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingushs, Kurds, etc.

On territory of Kazakhstan were generated regions of prevailing ­ residing of these or those people. Russians have occupied all territory of Kazakhstan, however their big part - northern and east areas. Since middle of ХIX century as a result of mass colonisation immigrants from the central provinces of Russia ­ have located lengthways of chernozem coasts of the rivers and lakes. Ukrainians ­ live basically in Kostanai and Aktobe areas, Belorussians - in Northern Kazakhstan.

Immigrants-Uzbeks even before joining of Kazakhstan to Russia in a significant amount lived in Southern Kazakhstan (Shymkent, Turkestan, Taraz, countryside near to these cities­). Uigurs have lodged in Almaty, dungans - in Zhambyl areas, the majority of Koreans - in the south of republic, especially at coast of the river of Karatal and on coast of the bottom current of Syrdariya. In ancient cities of Northern and Western Kazakhstan, especially in Semei and Uralsk, lives a considerable quantity of Tatars.

Each people have household and cultural features, distinctions in ethnogenesis, culture and history. These processes are studied by ethnography­, or population geography.

The Kazakh diaspora in the world countries. Now number of Kazakhs makes 13,5 million persons. As demographers specify, the ethnos of Kazakhs on number is on 70th place among from above 3 thousand people and world nationalities.

More than 4,5 million Kazakhs live in 54 countries of the world, including in near abroad republics. A significant amount ­ of representatives of the Kazakh diaspora is necessary to Uzbekistan ­(1 million 556 thousand), Russia (740 thousand), Turkmenistan (100 thousand), Kyrgyzstan (45 thousand), Ukraine (15 thousand), China (1 million 500 thousand), Mongolia (100 thousand), Afghanistan (30 thousand), Turkey (25 thousand), the USA (14 thousand), Iran (12 thousand), etc.

There is a repatriation process, i.e. homecomings of the Kazakhs ­ for various reasons migrating in other countries during the periods ­of historical development of Kazakhstan. Preservation as the nations of the small ­ Kazakhs constantly living in foreign countries­ should become the important question demanding a close attention ­ from the government of Kazakhstan.