§ 33. Society and nature interaction

Environment surrounding the person is environment, and also the nature involved in economic activities of the person and changed by it. Environment includes the industrial enterprises­, transport highways, settlements, the social ­ environment etc.

High degrees of quality of environment, i.e. pure atmospheric air, pure drinking water and bathings, and also preservation of natural complexes which can be used for restoration of its forces and health are necessary for normal life for the person.

Society development is in many respects defined by stocks of natural resources and scales of their consumption. A problem long-term resource providing, the permission of resource and raw crises should be under construction on the basis of without waste and rational wildlife management.

One of powerful sources of pollution and environment transformation is the industry.

Industrial activity as a public formation has arisen several centuries ago. In process of manufacture development influence of industrial activity increased by environment and the nature as a whole also.

Anthropogenous factors have led to pollution atmo - and hydrospheres­, to occurrence of global economic problems (an ozone layer exhaustion, greenhouse effect, climate warming), under the threat of disappearance have appeared many kinds of animals and plants.

Scales of extraction and consumption of natural resources promptly ­ increase. For last 30 years in 6-7 times the requirement ­ for power resources, including on oil - in 10 times, on gas - in 161 times has grown­. It is annually burnt more than 10 billion t combustible raw materials therefore in atmosphere millions tons of carbon monoxide are thrown out. Carbon monoxide strengthens the greenhouse effect leading to increase average temperature of indicators ­ of a planet on 0,5-0,6 °C (the data for last 100 years).

Atmosphere of our planet is polluted by methane, carbon monoxide, nitrogen and sulphur; the maintenance percent in atmosphere of heavy metals (lead, copper) increases, etc. Many of these substances negatively influence health of the person.

Serious danger to the vegetative earth's mantle, soil, the fauna, open water sources, historical and architectural monuments is represented by the acid rains which formation is connected with a considerable quantity of emissions in atmosphere the metallurgical and fuel and energy enterprises sulfurs oxide.

Work of mines and the mines extracting coal, ore, mineral ­ salts and other minerals, leads to infringement and reorganisation ­ of landscapes of huge territories, especially if extraction is conducted in the open way. On places of these workings out the ­ anthropogenous landscape is formed­.

Anthropogenous landscape - the geographical landscape created ­ as a result of purposeful activity of the person, in consequence of changes of natural landscape can arise which, for example, the open way of extraction of iron ore on Sokolov-Sarbai mountain-concentrating industrial complex has negatively affected the natural landscape.

The total area occupied with anthropogenous landscapes makes almost 30 million in hectare.

The further development of manufacture, wildlife management and rational ­ wildlife management are impossible without complex consumption of mineral resources on a basis recirculation.

Recirculation - regulation of production for the purpose of reasonably well-founded, expedient use of raw materials, increase in terms of use exhausted non-renewable natural resources, recycling of waste.

Along with traditional manufacturers of energy the important ­ role is played also by alternative sources, being inexhaustible, renewable and ecologically safe. The sun concern them, sea inflow and ebb, geysers, water wind power. An energy source is also the biomass. The energy allocated at world circulation of biosubstances, exceeds the cumulative energy made by all power stations­.

Regional problems of wildlife management in Kazakhstan. As the basic indicators of ecological conditions following indicators can serve in republic:

- Raw and developing specialisation of an economy;

- Prevalence of the extracting enterprises;

- Increase in production wastes;

- Placing and population density, problems of cities;

- Features of condition of separate natural complexes, degree of their degradation.

At the characteristic of an ecological condition of our republic becomes obvious that unsuccessful areas are in most cases located in regions of large industrial centres and tests of the nuclear weapon. From this point of view to ecologically unsuccessful it is possible to carry East (especially northeast ­ region), the Central and the Western Kazakhstan.

The greatest emissions of harmful impurity by the industrial enterprises are fixed in Ust Kamenogorsk, Ridder, Zyrjanov­, Zhezkazgan, Balkhash, Karaganda, Temirtau, Pavlodar. Excess of norms of admissible concentration of air pollution leads to deterioration of health of the person, fatally influences live organisms. Harmful gases, especially carbonic gas, lead ­ to diseases of respiratory organs. The greatest quantity of allergic reactions, bronchitis, asthma attacks are observed in Karaganda, Temirtau, Kyzylorda and Ust Kamenogorsk and in Almaty.

Along with the industrial enterprises pollutes atmosphere ­ motor transport. Annual emission in atmosphere of automobile exhaust gases, for example, in Kostanai makes 119,4 thousand t, in Shymkent - 87,3 thousand t, in Kokshetau - 53,6 thousand t. In Almaty motor transport share in air pollution exceeds half of all emissions.

Pollution of atmospheric air is promoted also by natural-environmental conditions. An insignificant amount of precipitation in republic, rather small speeds of air in Almaty, Shymkent, to Ridder and Zyrjanov do not promote atmosphere self-cleaning.

Represents danger atmosphere pollution by heavy metals ­(lead, copper, zinc, mercury): in Ridder this level exceeds norm in 17 times, in Balkhash - in 8 times, in Shymkent - in 6 times.

The problem of water resources is extremely important also. According to the United Nations, more than half of world's population lacks some qualitative potable water. The considerable part of water resources is spent for requirements of agriculture.

The big alarm is caused by pollution of internal reservoirs increasing every year and waters of the World Ocean. Industrial wastes ­ are thrown out in river systems which take out them to the World Ocean. Besides, water resources of a planet become soiled the waste of manufactures which is washed off by an atmospheric precipitation. For example, the river basin of Ertis becomes soiled a waste of Ust-Kamenogorsk lead-zinc industrial complex, Ridder lead factory, Berezov mine and industrial enterprises of Zyrjanov­. The Surface water is polluted basically by heavy metals, such, as lead, zinc, mercury, etc. which maintenance exceeds maximum permissible concentration ­ several times. Basins of the rivers and lakes Ile-Balkhash system are polluted by heavy metals, oil products and phenols of enterprises "Balkhashmys", "Balhashbalyk", Sary-Shagan range.

Pollution of water resources occurs and at carrying out from fields of fertilizers and pesticides drainage waters. For example, drainage waters of the Akdala rice file and Shengeldi irrigating system pollute waters of the river Ile.

Last years the Caspian Sea, as well as other seas of globe, tests on itself the anthropogenous influence shown in pollution of the rivers and the seas by oil products, chlorine organic pesticides, heavy metals, products of active navigation.

Deterioration of an ecological condition of the Caspian Sea occurs and as a result floodings of coastal oil-extracting ­ territories because of sea level lifting (with 1977).

The problem of ecology of the Caspian Sea was the focus of attention the first International conference which have passed in Aktau. 150 delegates have taken part in work of this international meeting from four Near-Caspian countries (except Turkmenistan). The Azerbaijan ­ scientists ascertained that now on the Caspian Sea will reach the higher limit of impurity. If not to accept emergency measures accident can follow.

Scientists noticed that in major degrees of Volga, in the Kazakhstan sector - the river Ural Mountains pollutes water area of the Caspian Sea of the river. The question on ecological safety at development of oil stocks of the shelf of Caspian Sea was one of the cores.

Pollution of the Caspian Sea is at the bottom of reduction of quantity of sturgeon fish and  destruction of seals and many kinds of birds. The decision of this problem should be considered in a complex and with the assistance of all Near-Caspian states.

The catastrophic situation has developed in Near-Aral. According to separate scientists, process of destruction of the Aral Sea is irreversible. The main reasons are extensive system of managing, the big fence of water on an irrigation and irreplaceable water consumption.

Experts of the Uzbek Academy of Sciences have counted up: even if completely to refuse a fence of water from Amudariya and Syrdariya in 50 years it is possible to restore only the fourth part of water area of the sea, having reached level of 1940.

The bared bottom of the Aral Sea became the centre salt dusty storms. Strong storms carry poisonous dust on thousand kilometres.

In the Aral Sea there is Renaissance island on which in Soviet period tests of the biological weapon were conducted, were tested plagues, the Siberian ulcer. Today in the dried up sea the Renaissance island has incorporated to continent and became source of constant danger.

Ecology of soils. The soil carries out an important biospheric and ecological ­ role. Thanks to biological efficiency it provides ­ mankind with necessary foodstuff on 88 %.

In spite of the fact that Kazakhstan the low has the considerable area, security the fertile earths. Every year there is an exhaustion of the earths. Owing to wind and water erosion the maintenance of humus in soil has considerably decreased.

Because of wrong watering processes salt soils have amplified, susceptibility of territory of republic to desertification has increased.

Annually about three millions hectares of the central Asian earths become deserts, and deserts aggressive and dangerous. In process of growth of cities, industrial regions and a transport network their approach to farmlands became more active­.

Technogenic influence on soils of the Western Kazakhstan is connected with activity of the oil and gas extraction and processing enterprises.

Degradation of soils in the Central Kazakhstan is caused by pollution by industrial wastes of machine-building factories and fuel and energy installations.

Soils of near-Aral are polluted by chemical and radioactive substances.

According to Institute of soil science of Republic Kazakhstan, almost everywhere soils are polluted by heavy metals.

To republic territory it is concentrated 2,3 billion t of waste of chemical manufacture. In 529 objects there is radioactive waste.

Receipt is connected with pollution of soils in a fabric of plants of harmful substances, the use in which food causes various diseases in people and animals.

The quantity of genetic infringements, oncological ­ and other diseases of the population of Kazakhstan has increased­. About 2,6 million cases of mutagen diseases are fixed.

Problem of preservation and maintenance of health of the population is the pivotal problem as Kazakhstan, and World Health Organization.

The decision of the developed problem probably only in the conditions of harmonisation of mutual relations between the society and the nature. It is necessary to change developed system "economic profitability" to "ecological well-being".

Ecological formation, ecological education and ecological ­ culture of the present and the future of generations will protect mankind and the world.

88