§ 30. Geopolitical position of kazakhstan on the world map. Occurrence of kazakhstan in the united nations. The international economic relations

The author of the term the geopolitics is the Swedish scientist Rudolf Chellen­. Geopolitics is influence of geographical factors (country position, natural resources, climate, etc.) on foreign policy ­ of the states. Geopolitical position of Kazakhstan ­ located in the centre of Eurasia, difficult ethnic structure, aspiration to formation in economy of open market system ­ form a basis for carrying out by our country of peaceful foreign policy.

On December, 16th, 1991 Kazakhstan declared the independence. Independence of Kazakhstan is recognised by 115 states, with many ­ of them (more than 100) diplomatic relations are established. Now about 60 states have opened the embassies in republic.

On March, 2nd, 1992 sovereign Kazakhstan became a member the United Nations Organization ­(United Nations).

The United Nations - the international organisation of the states created with a view of ­ maintenance and strengthening of the world, safety, friendship and cooperation development between the states, observance of human rights. This organisation exists since 1945; the headquarters is located ­ in New York (USA). The United Nations have the Charter declaring principles of protection of the future generation from wars, strengthenings of equality ­ and friendship of races and nationalities, decisions of the international problems of economic, social and cultural character peacefully. Any state ­ which is recognising and putting into practice the Charter of the United Nations can become a member of this organisation­. The ­ General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social councils, Council about guardianship­, the International court and Secretary concern the main ­ organisations of the United Nations­. Some the specialised organizations, for example UNESCO (United Nations education, science, culture organization), FAO (the foodstuffs­ agriculture organization) operate­.

In October, 1992 Kazakhstan became a member of the Organization of economic ­ cooperation and development (ОECD) into which structure enter Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, the countries of the Central Asia, Iran, Pakistan­, Turkey.

In 1992 Kazakhstan has signed the agreement with the European Union ­ about technical cooperation. Now representatives ­of the European Union work in Almaty.

Bilaterial cooperation with the countries "Big ­ seven", especially with Great Britain, France and Germany becomes stronger­.

Kazakhstan is the full member of the Organization on safety ­ and cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the International currency ­ fund, the International and European banks of reconstruction ­ and development, the Asian bank of development, the Organization Islamic conference and other international organisations.

Between the countries with various economic structures have wide development economic and scientific and technical communications. Kazakhstan aspires to improvement of scientific and technical, trade and economic ­ mutual relations with the countries of the world with a view of strengthening of own economic potential.

The period of development of the international economic relations is necessary for second half XX century

The international economic relations (IER) are relations between economic systems of national economy ­ of the separate countries, developing on the basis of the international ­ division of labour.

Development of the international economic relations depends from natural (natural, geographical, demographic and etc.) and artificial (industrial, technological) factors, and also on social, national, ethnic, political and is humane-legal factors.

The mechanism of action IER is executed at the expense of rules of law and means (a condition, the agreement, codes etc.).

The international economic relations are various. The international geographical division of labour, international trade­, the finance and the credit, foreign investments­, scientific and technical communications, the international tourism, the international ­ relations concern them ­­­ at the decision of arising problems, etc.

The international geographical division of labour is a specialisation ­ of the separate countries in manufacture of certain kinds of production ­ and in an exchange of raw materials.

Branches of the international specialisation are focused on export ­ of production and define "person" of the country in the international geographical division of labour. It is the form of public division of labour ­ and its rational organisation.

In geographical division of labour two principal views - interdistrict and international are allocated.

The division of labour developing within the separate country and connecting its various areas with each other, is called as interdistrict geographical division of labour. Districtwide geographical division of labour in Kazakhstan is characterised by grain culture and meat-and-milk animal industries in the south, in the centre ­ and in the east; agriculture - in the north; mining manufacture ­ - in the centre and in the east; oil-gas chemical manufacture ­ - in the west. Internal territorial ­ division of labour thus develops­.

Our country in the international geographical division of labour has advantage in manufacture of mineral products, production ­ of metallurgy and the chemical industry, in raw materials stocks.

International trade is the major part of the economic ­ relations which primary goals are the organisation ­ of manufacture of the goods for export and search of ways of their realisation­.

In international trade the big role is played ­ by a state geographical position­. Extensiveness of territory of our country­, an arrangement in the continent centre, absence of an exit to the World Ocean­, necessity of transportation of made production create certain difficulties. Interstate ­ barter depends on distance, customs duties tax, a kind of transport transportation etc. From these positions for an establishment of the international relations between the states the ­ most important are trading and payment relations­, trading structure of export and import, international ­ and international trading agreements, customs duties tax, etc.

Finance and credit - the newest form of the international economic relations ­ which are carrying out function of delivery of a loan and the credit. The finance and the credit are based on two-level bank system ­(National bank and commercial banks). The national bank together with the government defines a state monetary and credit policy.

Foreign investments are directed on economy strengthening, deepening of reforms and realisation of structural changes under condition of insufficiency of internal investment resources.

In Kazakhstan attraction of foreign investments has begun with 1991. Foreign capitals "the Eximbank" which has created ­ committees under foreign credits and investments operates­. ­­ Oil and gas and petrochemical branches, electric power industry­, metallurgy concern mainstreams ­ of attraction of foreign investments­­, communications and agriculture of Kazakhstan.

Scientific and technical communications - one of kinds of the international economic ­ relations characterised by interstate specialisation of branches of manufacture and scientific researches. In the international division of labour they are realised through scientific and technical progress, formation and the advanced technical experience (patents­, licences and the decision of technical documentation at the state ­ level).