Branches of the social infrastructure

Branches of the social infrastructure - branches of service ­ of the population - play an auxiliary role. They are trade, consumer services, public health services, education, sports, tourism and the rest organisation. The big role in the social infrastructure of republic is played by trade and the branches providing ­ consumer services of the population. The ­ increase in release and production improvement of quality depend on them ­ labour productivity improvement ­ in many branches of an economy.

Trade and consumer services. The satisfaction of requirements ­ of the population in foodstuff and the goods of daily demand is carried out by means of trade. The system of retail trade ­ is adjusted in all settlements. Maintenance of the population with the goods of daily demand occurs not only through the state ­ system of trade, but also by means of private shops ­ and the enterprises which have had development in transition to market economy.

Communications branches (transport and communication), the enterprises for maintenance of operation and repair of motor transport ­ and household appliances play an important role. In 2008 the share of the given branch in republic economy has made 40,9 %.

Public health services. Public health care is one of priority directions of the state policy of Republic Kazakhstan­. The population health services are carried out ­ by means of two forms - state and private. The state ­ system of medical aid provides all-round ­ service of the population of republic.

At the large enterprises and the organisations, in rural districts ­ and villages work sanitary, medical assistant-obstetrical and medical ­ points. In Astana, Almaty and in all regional centres is available the consultation-diagnostic and medical centres.

In ecologically unsuccessful regions the health services ­ are conducted in the medical centres equipped with the modern equipment ­ with use of new methods of treatment (Semei, Kyzylorda, Zhezkazgan).

Level of health services of the population depends on quantity ­ of medical workers, security doctors of all specialities.

Education. The republican education system is presented ­ by the network of the state and not state organisations and includes ­ preschool level, initial and average the general, initial ­ and average professional, and also the higher vocational training­. Besides, there is a system of after graduating education. In the republican education system more than 3,5 million pupils and students are trained.

In cities 23,7 % of the average general educational organisations, in countryside - 76,7 % are located. The organisation of educational process demands security of educational institutions highly skilled experts, complete sets ­ of textbooks and educational-methodical grants, ­ training means­. Almost at all schools of republic the computer ­ classes much of them are opened ­ connected to system the Internet.

The organisation of rest of the population and recreational areas. The system of rest of the population is carried out in culture establishments ­ and on bases of rest.

In the course of the labour activity the person spends physical ­ and intellectual forces for which restoration within working week one or two days of rest are provided. After working year paid labour ­ leave is granted­.

Recovery of health, and also population rest are carried out ­ in recreational areas of republic. The improving and sports centres, bases of rest and tourist camp of races­ are put in the most picturesque places of the country. In Kazakhstan there are many picturesque places, pure lakes and the rivers, sources of curative mineral waters and medical dirt. In such places boarding houses, sanatoria and rest houses are constructed.

Resorts of Almaarasan, Burabai, Kokshetau, Bajanaul, Saryagash, Zhanakorgan, Kapalarasan, Mojyldy, Barlykarasan, etc. are used with great popularity. However recreational resources are used ­ insufficiently.

In Kazakhstan the tourism sphere is developed: informative, ethnic, ecological, improving, extreme, children's, sports­, etc. Tourists are offered about 700 routes. ­ Landscapes of Northern Kazakhstan are favorable ­ for the organisation of tourism.

Southern Kazakhstan is one of the centres of ancient culture. Here medieval monuments of history and architecture, such mausoleums, as Aisha Bibi, Karahan Baba and Babadzha Hatun in Taraz, Hodzha Ahmed Jasavi in Turkestan, Sak barrows in Zhetisu are located. The majority of historical-architectural monuments are ­ under state protection.

In the west of Kazakhstan one of the deepest hollows not only our republic, but also the CIS - Karakia - with a mark-132 m. is located

The structure of water of Lake Balkhash which is in the Central ­ Kazakhstan is unique­; oases of mountain woods - Karkaraly hills differ with surprising beauty.

The nature of the East Kazakhstan is rich. The Altai Mountains, the rivers Ertiss and Buhtyrma, lakes Zaisan, Markakol, Alakol and Sauskan involve more and more tourists.

COMPLEX OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS OF KAZAKHSTAN

The primary goals of transport are full satisfaction ­ of requirements of the country in transportation of cargoes and passengers and maintenance of an interconnection between various regions.

Transport does not make production, as the industry and agriculture, however moving of passengers and cargoes probably ­ only by means of transport. Conditionally equating cargo ­ and passenger transportations to production made by a transport complex, transport systems carry to material­, industrial branch.

Providing an exchange of production between various areas and consumers, transport forms territorial distribution ­ of work and deepens specialisation of economy of regions of the country­.

The complex of transport and communications of Kazakhstan form railway, automobile, air, water and telecommunications. The complex includes tens large state ­ and private enterprises.

Among state it is possible to allocate the republican state ­ enterprise (RSE) "Kazakhstan temir zholy", the state ­ enterprise "Kazautoway", the airports of Astana and Almaty, Aktau sea trading port, joint-stock company "Kazmail", open joint-stock company "Kazakhtelecom", etc. In the transport-communication complex (ТCC) work about 420 thousand persons, almost every tenth inhabitant of Kazakhstan has the direct or indirect relation to the given complex.

Through republic territory pass the means of communication connecting ­ such large economic region, as the Volga region, Ural Mountains, the Central Asia and Western Siberia. For maintenance territorial and production­, interdistrict, intrarepublican, and also international contacts with near and far abroad the mutual coordination of all types of transport are necessary.

To the cargoes transported by transport, coal, oil, black and nonferrous metals, building materials, grain and wood concern. To 59,8 % of a turnover of goods of all transport are necessary on the railway­­, 14,5 % - on automobile, 25,4 % - on pipeline ­ transport. From this it follows that the leading place in the Kazakhstan transport occupies the railway.

Transport development is connected with the geographical position of Kazakhstan which is in the centre of Eurasia. After being independent transport development is connected by also ­ with an establishment of strong relations with the countries of Europe, Near and Middle East and Asian-Pacific region­. Geopolitical position of republic promotes an establishment of transport messages, increase transit cargo and passenger transportation between the countries of Asia and Europe.

Important problems of the transport economy of republic are ­ realisation of urgent repair of the failed main ­ and international highways, creation of the Transkazakhstan ­ highways in directions the east-west for what it is necessary to master intrarepublican routes.

Overall objective in the complex of transport and communications - development ­ on territories of Kazakhstan of the network of the international railway ­ and automobile highways, seaport expansion ­ on the Caspian Sea, creation of own commercial marine sea fleet.

Important problems are also traffic safety, safety of cargoes, road condition improvement.