§ 13. Agroindustrial complex. Agriculture. Plant growing of kazakhstan

Process of agroindustrial integration (AII) became one of laws of development of the world economy of XX century. This process has affected an economy of Kazakhstan. Primary factors AII are, first, growth of manufacture standardised­, mainly processed, foodstuff ­ and the consumer goods made of agricultural ­ raw materials; secondly, their finishing to the consumer. A word agrarian (from Latin agrarius) means­ the earth, agriculture, land tenure.

In second half of XX century the world system of agroindustrial complex (AIC) was generated­, defined by political ­ and social and economic features.

In Kazakhstan the period of creation of agroindustrial complex is necessary for 80-90th years.

Development of AIC in Kazakhstan is especially important direction ­ of an agrarian policy.

Agroindustrial complex (AIC) - set of the branches of the economy providing reproduction of raw materials according to requirements ­ of the society and demand of the population connected among themselves by public division of labour­. The AIC structure includes three basic ­ spheres: I sphere includes the branches supplying agriculture ­ and other spheres of the complex by means of production, rural building, etc.; II sphere - actually agriculture; III sphere ­ includes the branches which are carrying out preparation, transportation, processing, storage and sale of end production of the complex.

In AIC development IV sphere including branches of industrial, social, service, scientific, information and other infrastructure is formed, which directly do not create products, but are necessary for its creation and normal effective ­ functioning of AIC.

In AIC structure there are two large subcomplexes: 1) on manufacture and realisation of foodstuff which forms a food complex (the personal computer); 2) on manufacture and realisation of industrial consumer goods from agricultural raw materials. In AIC specialised branch subcomplexes ­on manufacture and realisation of a clap, flax, fruits and vegetables­, grapes and wine, milk, meat and other homogeneous products are formed­­­. Primary links of AIC at the microlevel, forming its basis­, are the various enterprises: associations, co-operative societies, agroindustrial associations, agrofirms, country (farmer­) economy, etc. The given enterprises having branch and diversified structure form in aggregate territorial ­ complexes. AIC development, its perfection of branch ­ and territorial structures promote more rational ­ placing of manufacture, complex and to an effective utilisation of resources, improvement of the end results of its functioning, maintenance of food safety of the country.

The primary goals of agroindustrial complex:

- Maintenance of the country with the foodstuffs;

- Industry maintenance with agricultural raw materials.

Leading branch of agroindustrial complex is agriculture in which half of economically active ­ population of the country works almost­.

The agriculture of Kazakhstan is subdivided into three categories­: agricultural productions, country economy and personal economy ­ of the population.

The agricultural production is a legal body (the independent organisation possessing property both other civil ­ rights and duties) with a principal view of activity in sphere of agriculture.

Country economy is family-labour association ­ of persons, in which realisation of individual business ­ inseparably linked with use of the earths of agricultural purpose ­ for manufacture, processing and ­ agricultural products realisation admits­­­­.

Personal part-time farms of the population, collective gardens and kitchen gardens, country sites concern personal economy of the population.

The ground system in our country concerns model with prevalence ­ of state ownership. But thus the agricultural purpose earths ­ in the mass order are transferred in rent­, develop the market of the right of use of the earth and the market of the ground areas ­ transferred in the private property. From 3,1 million land users available in the country more than 2,8 million have received certificates on the property right and to the land tenure right. More ten years ago land users, mainly state farms and collective farms, owned the large areas of grounds. As a result of reform in the country the ­ structure of agricultural grounds on categories, subjects of managing and patterns of ownership has considerably changed.

97 % of farmlands are not fixed to state managing subjects. At the same time the area of the grounds fixed to the state agricultural enterprises­ was reduced from 205 million to 3,3 million in hectare.

The agriculture differs from the industry that depends ­ on an environment, first of all from agroclimatic ­ resources.

Agricultural production is based on ground resources­. A total area of ground fund of 11,6 million in hectare, including farmlands - 2,4 million in hectare.

The ground areas used for reception of agricultural ­ production are called as farmlands (agricultural grounds). Their structure includes pastures, arable lands and haymakings.

Pastures - the agricultural grounds regularly used ­ for cattle breeding, and also the ground areas, suitable ­ for breeding, not used on the haymakings eve and not being a ­ deposit.

Arable lands are the regularly processed grounds used under crops of agricultural crops, including crops of long-term grasses and pure steams.

The agricultural grounds constantly used for mowing­ are called as haymakings.

The basic branches of agriculture are plant growing ­ and animal industries which are closely connected among themselves and practically supplement each other.

Plant growing. In branch structure of agricultural production of the country the plant growing prevails - on its share 50,7 % from volume of production of agriculture are necessary.

One of the main tasks of our country in agriculture is increase of fertility of soil.

In plant growing the gain of agricultural crops is influenced by the parity of heat, light, humidity, mineral and nutritious elements and soil structure.

The geography of arable grounds of republic is various. Arable lands basically occupy the developed earths in the north, the northwest and the east ­ and from bottom of mountains in the south.

Food safety remains for the country the major problem. In this connection paramount value gets a question ­ of expansion of areas under crops under grain. In 2008 areas under crops of agricultural crops have made 2,0 million in hectare, including grain crops have occupied the areas in 1,6 million in hectare. Thus wheat share in structure of areas under crops makes 68 %.

The plant growing by kinds of cultures is subdivided on grain, technical, fodder, horticultural-market gardening-melons and gourds.

Grain husbandry - the main branch of field husbandry of Kazakhstan­. A grain husbandry, providing the population with the foodstuffs is a basis of agriculture of the country as a whole. The ­ plants cultivated for reception ­ of grain concern grain crops­­: wheat, rye, oats, corn, rice, etc. Growth of manufacture ­ of grain in our country occurs thanks to productivity increase, instead of expansion of crops. In economy of all categories ­ total gathering grain in Kazakhstan in 2008 has made 15,6 million t. For last six years total gathering grain in Kazakhstan has increased ­ by 5,4 million t.

In republic all grain crops growing ­ in the moderate belt are sowed almost­. The economy on manufacture of grain crops provides the population with grain production, and animal industries ­ - forages. Almost all grain crops have the universal purpose. ­ Wheat, rye, spring wheat, barley, oats, corn, millet, rice, buckwheat concern number of the main grain crops of our ­ country.

The basic grain cereal of the country is wheat occupying ­ 1/2 volumes of all areas under crops of the country. For growth and development of wheat the soil and heat have great value. Fertile ­chernozem zones occupy northern, northwest and northeast parts of territory of the country (9,5 % of a total area ­ of republic).

In our country grow up two kinds of wheat - spring and winter.

Spring wheat consumes a lot of moisture, well grows on chernozem and red-brown soils and is sowed in the spring. Important ­ economic value of spring wheat consists that it concerns a number of valuable food cultures as it is rich with fibers, fats, starch. From its grains the set of foodstuff prepares. At preparation of forages for animals ­spring wheat straw is siloed with other juicy grasses­. The basic areas on spring wheat cultivation are the ­ North Kazakhstan, Aktobe, Kostanai, Akmola­, West Kazakhstan, East Kazakhstan areas.

In the last two years (2007-2008) from the 18-22 million collected in Kazakhstan t grains half is necessary on the North Kazakhstan and Kostanai areas. Kazakhstan was included into the world three of the most dynamical exporters of grain. In republic ­ there was a huge potential in development on manufacture ­ and processing of wheat, focused on the internal and external markets.

High competitiveness of Kazakhstan wheat is connected ­ with high qualities of grain. Therefore in northern (Kostanai, Akmola) country areas there is a process of formation grain.

Winter crops are annual, mainly cereal­, plants.

Winter wheat has important economic value. From its grains receive a high-grade flour, make macaroni, groats, straw and use at preparation of silage forages.

The winter rye concerns food grain crops ­ as rye bran is of value for agricultural ­ animals. This grain culture is zoned for cultivation in the Aktobe, the East Kazakhstan, the West Kazakhstan­, the North Kazakhstan and Pavlodar areas. Winter wheat and rye are grown up in mountain and foothill ­ areas of the east, central and northern parts of republic.

Millet is drought-resistant culture. Millet has economic value, is grown up for the food and fodder purposes. This culture well grows on chernozem soils, virgin and laylands ­ of the Aktobe, Akmola and Pavlodar areas.

Corn is thermophilic, drought-resistant culture. Economic ­ value of corn consists that use it in the food and technical purposes: of grains make starch, treacle, spirit, oil, paper, various canned food, for animals from stalks and leaves prepare highly nourishing forage.

Barley is grown up in the food, fodder and technical ­ purposes. It is nutritious forage for horses and pigs.

Oats have important food value, being especially valuable concentrated forage for horses and young growth. Oats - hygrophilous culture, grow on chernozem marshy ­ and brown soils.

Buckwheat is grown up on not irrigated sowing fields in the south of Altai and in the Pavlodar area as consumes not enough water.

The irrigated earths of Kazakhstan basically are occupied by crops of rice. Rice is one of the basic grain cereals. From straw of rice ­ make a high-quality paper, including a thin and strong cigarette paper, hats and baskets. Rice – moisture and the thermophilic culture which is grown up in valleys of the rivers of Syrdariya (Kyzylorda area), Ile (Almaty area­, Akdala).

Commercial crops give raw materials for the industry; fibrous, olive cultures concern them, starch (potato), sugar plants (a sugar beet, a sugar cane), narcotic (tobacco), appertaining to dyes plants, etc. The basic commercial crops ­ which are grown up in our country is cotton­, a sugar beet, sunflower, tobacco, flax.

Cotton - the valuable culture which is grown up in southern areas ­ of Kazakhstan. Cotton fields are in Myrzashol Maktaaral area, valleys of the rivers Keles, Arys and vicinities of Turkestan and Shymkent.

Sugar beet is moisture and the thermophilic culture growing on fertile soils. The basic areas under crops of a sugar beet are located in valleys of the rivers Asy, Talas, Shu, Karatal and at feet of the Kirghiz, Ile and Zhongar Alatau. Economy ­ of Zhambyl and Aktobe areas, last years – the east and northern areas of Kazakhstan are engaged in cultivation of a sugar beet basically­.

The sunflower is valuable olive culture. Sunflower areas under crops basically are located in the valley of the river Ertis­, in the East Kazakhstan and Pavlodar areas.

In 2008 in republic about 1 hectare 18,2 quintal clap, 1,3 million t sugar beet, 1,8 million t sunflower have been collected.

Horticultural-melons and gourds economy widespread in the south of republic where there are specialised farms on cultivation of melons and gourds cultures. Besides, quickly ripening and cold-resistant kinds of horticultural-melons and gourds cultures grow in the Central and Northern Kazakhstan, on Altai, in the Zajsan hollow and the mouth of the river Ural Mountains.

Vegetable economy is concentrated in vicinities of Almaty, Karaganda, Ust Kamenogorsk, Shymkent, Aktobe and other industrial centres­. On sandy soils in the valley of the river Shu, near Semei and Almaty grows up fine water-melons, in the bottom current ­ of Syrdariya, in areas Kyzylorda and Kazaly - fragrant sweet melons.

The areas located in Southern Kazakhstan and Zhambyl areas, on coast of the bottom current ­ of the rivers Arys and Syrdariya, at feet of Ile and Zhongar Alatau are engaged in wine growing­.

The fodder cultures - plants which are grown up for feeding by an agricultural animal (grasses, root crops, grain); among fodder grasses - a clover, a lucerne, etc.