§ 10. The machine-building complex

The mechanical engineering is a material basis of technical reorganisation of the country. It is a complex of the industries making instruments of labour, vehicles and consumer goods. As raw materials metallurgy production serves for mechanical engineering. In mechanical engineering are developed subject specialisation - finished goods release (machine tools, cars and etc.) and detailed specialisation - manufacture of separate details and units.

Technological specialisation - division of the cars which are carrying out ­ any technological process. Those are metalcutting­, mountain, wood extracting, textile, agricultural, calculating machines, etc. carry the greatest part of existing cars to this type. Correct use ­ of natural-economic conditions of separate areas of the country reduces losses on transportations, therefore the enterprises for release of preparations settle down close to raw materials sources, and machie - the assembly enterprises - are closer to consumers.

The mechanical engineering depends on level of the organisation, specialisation ­ and manufacture cooperation. At machine-building factories complexes and the centres having with each other close technological and industrial communications are created. The basic raw materials for machine engineering industry are black and nonferrous metals­. If earlier for manufacture of cars used ­ only cast-iron, steel, brass and bronze now iron and steel industry ­ makes hundreds kinds of steel with various properties - steady against the high temperatures, corrosion-proof ­ etc. Besides, for manufacture of cars use ­ various metals, including rare, and their alloys, special ­ kinds of glass, plastic. New materials are applied ­ in manufacture of jet engines, gas turbines, nuclear reactors, instrumentations and other cars.

The machine-building complex makes various cars, spare parts and devices to them, provides with many means of production. Despite wide assortment of let out production, technological process at their manufacturing is identical­. It, first, preparation of devices and parts, secondly, their assemblage in this connection at machine-building factory there are foundry and mechanical shops, shops of press-automatic machines and assemblage.

Depending on finished goods kind distinguish heavy­, power, transport, agricultural, building-road ­ manufactures, mechanical engineering, machine-tool construction, instrument making, process equipment manufacture on processing of various production and manufacturing of spare parts ­ to cars and the equipment.

Any car consists of hundreds, even thousand details. For example­, for electric locomotive assemblage it is necessary for 210 thousand details, and one plane - 120 thousand. Their manufacturing at one enterprise ­ is inconvenient and is unprofitable, therefore the basic factory unites with other enterprises which in common participate in ­ finished goods manufacture­.

The factories which have moved during time of the Great Patriotic War from the western areas of Soviet Union to Kazakhstan have put a basis of domestic machine engineering industry (Lugansk engine-building, Shymkent factory press-automatic machines, Petropavlov insulation materials factory and Aktobe X-ray equipment factory). In virgin soil development have been constructed factory of agricultural mechanical engineering ­ in Astana (Tselinograd), the Pavlodar tractor factory (the first tractor has descended from the conveyor in 1968).

Instrument-making factories are located in Kokshetau and Ust - Kamenogorsk.

Mechanical engineering branches differ with quantity of consumed ­ metal. Especially a lot of metal demands manufacture of ore combines, dredges, powerful dump-body trucks, transformers.

The electrotechnical mechanical engineering makes cars and the equipment­, necessary for development, distribution and current consumption­. They are Almaty factory of low-voltage equipment ­ and electric equipment, Shymkent factory of high-voltage ­ equipment, Semei cable factory, Ust-Kamenogorsk condenser, Ust-Kamenogorsk instrument-making, Taldykorgan storage, Karaganda electromotor factories, Aktobe X-ray equipment factory etc.

Release of the various agricultural cars necessary for agriculture and animal industries, provides agricultural ­ mechanical engineering. They are Pavlodar tractor factory, Makinsk factory of automobile and tractor spare parts, Petropavlov factory of small-displacement engines, factory "Kazselmash" in Astana.

In Shymkent the factory on manufacture of the superautomated huge press-automatic machines operates which production is exported ­ to many countries of the world (Argentina, Canada, Brazil­ and Uruguay)­­. The Shymkent machine-tool constructing factory is awarded ­ by the certificate of honour "Diamond star" of Institute of the international ­ marketing that testifies to conformity of its production to the international standards.

In the machine-building complex of Kazakhstan the leading place is occupied ­ with branches of heavy, agricultural and electrotechnical ­ mechanical engineering. The difficult rolling equipment ­ for colour and ferrous metallurgy and chemical industrial complexes ­ makes Almaty factory of heavy mechanical engineering.

The Karaganda factory of heavy mechanical engineering lets out the oreo-mine equipment, chisel cars, cranes, ore combines; Kentau excavator factory - cars and the equipment ­ for Ust-Kamenogorsk power stations. The equipment for oil recovery and gas is issued in Atyrau, Aktobe and Pavlodar.

In October, 1996 in Almaty joint venture "Isker-GAS" (a car assembly industrial complex) have been created. The enterprise masters start-up of 10 updatings of trucks, vans, minibuses "Gazelle" and cars "KamAz". At the former Almaty autorepair shop ­№ 1 assemblage "KamAZ" of three models is mastered­. According to the general agreement with Kamsky factory of supersize ­ cars (Naberezhnye Chelny) from Tatarstan in southern capital are delivered machine complexes. "Isker-GAS" develops ­ cooperation with domestic factories on co-production of special automobile technics - truck cranes, automobile installations for oil industry workers and geologists. Besides, variants of joint activity with Kurgan ­ factory of road cars - the organisation in Kazakhstan assemblages ­bitumencart, tarcart, gasoline tank trucks, water carriers on the basis of cars ­"KamAz" are studied­­­.

In Semei in territory of former steel framework factory in 2007 the Semei car assembly factory ("SemAZ") with participation of the Korean ­ corporation "DAEWOO Bus" has been entered­. Annual capacity of factory-1000 buses, 350-400 buses will be necessary in the country, and remained ­ 600 are planned to export for the market of Russia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and other countries.

The machine-building complex of Kazakhstan makes over 2 thousand kinds of cars, devices and the equipment for a country economy. At the same time from other countries machine tools and automatic transfer lines, railway rolling stocks, cars­, the ships, planes are imported­, etc.

In Ust Kamenogorsk the Russian-Kazakhstan joint venture on car "Field" manufacture works, and since 2005 it together with Czechia began to let out car "Skoda".

The Martuk mechanical factory in the Aktobe area under the program of "30 corporate leaders of Kazakhstan" has signed the contract ­ with the Russian design organisations about creation of the ground plan ­ of a large car-building complex. The enterprise­, whose financing will be conducted at the expense of foreign investors (the financial company "JP Morgan" and the Korean investment ­ bank Wood bank "), has already entered into number of "breaking projects "republics. Car building in the CIS has not been mentioned till now by investment injections, and demand for cars is very great.

Now Kazakhstan puts before itself a problem of building ­ of manufactures on release of modern automatic, telemechanical devices, electric-computer facilities, cars, grain combines, etc. joint ventures with the foreign companies are with that end in view created.