Тема 1. Кераміка і гончарство в україні

Види кераміки і гончарства в Україні

Мета: навчити студентів правильно використовувати нову професійну лексику; розвивати логічне мислення; виховувати культуру мовлення.

Обладнання: малюнки до теми, роздруківки текстів для читання та завдань, словники.

Час проведення: 2 год.

План заняття

І Організаційний момент. Привітання.

ІІ Вивчення нового матеріалу.

1. Вивчення нової лексики.

2. Читання тексту.

3. Виконання вправ.

ІІІ Підсумок заняття.

ІV Домашнє завдання.

Хід заняття

І Організаційний момент. Привітання.

-Good morning! I'm glad to see you! I hope that you had a good holidays this summer! But now we have many work to do. Today we'll talk about ceramics and pottery in Ukraine.

And first of all I want to tell you some information…

Ukraine is reach in deposits of the best ordinary and kaolin clay of different color - from white and creme to brown and dark-gray; this fact mostly accounted for the great development of ceramic craft even in the ancient times. Pre-Minoan Tripil painted ceramics of the end of eneolitis (2500 - 2000 B.C.) is of a special importance for Ukrainian ceramics and pottery. Its rich ornamental motives, signs, composition principles had a great influence on the further development of the Ukrainian pottery on the whole.

The time since the VII century A.D. is the Slavic period in the development of Ukrainian ceramics. Dark-gray ceramics of that period had in itself a lot of features of the Roman one, with embossed (dug) ornament (parallel and wavy lines, cuts, stars).

As early as in the Princely period (X - XIII century) ceramic production reached a high degree of perfection and became the real craft. Since that time the potter's wheel was used, the blunge and the process of burning was improved, and at the verge of the X - XI centuries a method of kaolin clay treatment, very close to porcelain of the XVII - XVIII centuries, was found. In addition to clayware with exquisitely simple ornaments, also modeled figures of humans and animals, things for religious use were made. Technical ceramics for construction purposes achieved unprecedented perfection: bricks, tile, ceramic tile, architectural details and ornament, quite often glazed. Beautiful carpet patterns were laid out with tile and ornamented ceramic tile.

After a short period of decline of ceramic production in the XIV - XV centuries its new upturn started from the end of the XV century. New guilds of potters arose. Production technique, forms of clayware, adornments, glazed houseware became more diverse, ornamented ceramic tiles were more widely spread.

-So, tell me, please, at what period ceramic production reached a high degree of perfection and became the real craft? (In the Princely period (X - XIII century)).

-What have you remember about ceramic production in the XIV - XV centuries? (its new upturn started from the end of the XV century. New guilds of potters arose).

-Yes, you are right!

ІІ Вивчення нового матеріалу.

1.Вивчення нової лексики.

- And now we'll write some new words.

ceramic craft - керамічнeремесло

ceramics and pottery – кераміка і гончарство

brick – цегла

tile – черепиця

ceramictile – керамічна плитка

architecturaldetailsandornament - архітектурні деталі і прикраси

bowlsandjugs – миски і глечики

geometricmotives – геометричні мотиви

excavation – земляні роботи, розкопки, здобуття

engobe (іспанське) – ковзання

2.Читання тексту.

Inthe XVII - XVIII centuriesinGetmanshchynaandPodillyaceramicproductionreachedanotherlevel. TheUkrainianbaroquestylegavethemrestraintdecorativenessandrichnessofcolor, originalornamentalmotivesappeared. Housewareandtileswerecharacterizedbydurability, goodburningandstrongevenglazecoating. Therewerealsotilesthatpicturedcompletecompositions, sceneswithplantsandanimal, scenesfromeverydaylifeandhistoricalscenes: riflemen, Cossacks, Zaporizhyacamps, banduramusicians, kobzamusicians, ships, amusementsintaverns, battlescenes, religiousmotives, heraldryetc. Inadditiontopaintedglazedceramictilesmonochromatic (mostlyof dark-yelloworredcolor) ceramictileswithembossingandsculpturedpatternswerealsowidelyspread. Atthesametimetheleadingcentersofceramicproductionwereformed; theykepttheirimportanceuptothe XX century (Starodub, Kozelets, Nizhyn, Chernigiv, Ichnya, Baturyn - inChernigivshchyna, Khorol, Komyshna, Opishnya - inPoltavshchyna, Kamyanets, Derazhnya, Shargorod, Zinkiv, Bar, Kupyn, Letychiv, Smotrych, Yaniv, Mykolayiv - inPodillya, Yavoriv, SudovaVyshnya, Stryi - inGalychyna, Volodymyr - inVolyn).

Inthe XVII - XVIII centuriesUkrainianpotteryalsowasspread. CentersandareasofpotterywerelocatedontheterritoryofUkrainequiteirregularlybecauseoftheirregularlocationofdepositsofqualitypotteryclay. AmongthemostimportantpotteryregionsareSokalshchyna, westernPodillya, easternPodillya, Poltavshchyna, Polissya, Pidlyashya, Chernigivshchyna, Kyivshchyna, Slobozhanshchyna, BukovynaandZakarpattya. Thebasictypesofproductsmanufacturedbypottersinthoseregionswerevariouskindsofhouseware (jugs, gladushchyks, pots, bowls, dzbankas, kumanets', flasks, baryltses, decorativehousewareofsculpturalcharacter (sheep, lions, horses, cocksetc), varioustoys (cocks, horses, littlesheep, pennywhistlesandothers) etc.

CeramicscomingfromtheterritoryoftheformerGetmanshchyna (Kyivshchyna, Chernigivshchyna, Poltavshchyna) intheformofhousewareandornamentsreflectsthetraditionsoftheancientPrincelyperiod, influenceofotherdecorativeandappliedartsisnoticeable, especiallythatofembroideryandweaving. InPolissyaceramicswerequitepracticalandmonochromatic, aswellasinPidlyashya (nowtheRepublicofPoland) andinGalychyna.

Themosttypicalarticleswerebowlsanddzbankas(jugs). Bowlsareoftenmonochromaticwithverydiverseornaments, sometimeswithveryarchaicmotives. Thearchaictypesofmotivesaregeometricmotives (endlesspatterns, brokenandwavylinesthatmatchtheformofhouseware). TheywerecharacteristicofceramicsfromPodillya, Volyn, Zakarpattya. InKyivshchyna, Poltavshchyna, easternPodillyafloralthemeswereverypopular. OrnamentsofGutsulshchynaandSokalshchynahadpatternsoftwotypes. Therewerealsoimagesofbirds (cock, peacock), animals (horse, lion, fish, frog), insectsandevenhumans.

Fromthe XIX centuryarticlesmanufacturedindifferentregionsofpotterycraftstartedacquiringcertainpeculiarities, whichweredependentonnaturalcharacteristicsofthematerial, technicallevelofproduction, localtraditionsetc.

InOpishnyaengravingwasdoneonwetcrock, sculpturedornamentalmotiveswerestuckon, fabulousanimalsandbirdswereinterlacedwithpaintedfloralornament. InPodillyamanufacturingofredpaintedhousewareanddecorationofbowlswiththematicfiguredcompositionswasstarted.

InGutsulshchynaceramicsofPetroBakhmetyukandhissonOleksaformKosiv, tilesofIvanBaranyukwerefamous. InKosivornamentsthereareflowerswithmanypetals, triangularleaves, bunchesofgrapes, birdsonbranches, horses, goats, deer. InPistynmostlypaintedbowls, plates, dzbansetc. weremade.

Inthe 20-30s ofthe XX centurycompulsorycollectivizationto a certaindegreewasharmfultopotteryproductioninUkraine, asitwasthereasonofdecreaseinthenumberof potters-craftsmen. Potterywassomewhatrevivedin after-waryears, butinthe 1960-80s theprocessofpotterycraftdecaywenton. Onlyduringtheyearsofindependencethetendencyto a certainrecoveryofancienttraditionsistraced, inparticularinOpishnya, Gavarechynaandothers.

Ceramicsproductiontechnologyhasnotbeenchangedmuchsincetheancienttimes, itliesin: 1. excavationandpreparationoflay; 2. makingofhousewareandtiles; 3. burning. TechnologicalnominationisthesamefortheentireterritoryofUkraine. Manufacturedarticlesarepaintedwith a brush, theornamentispaintedwith a ryltseonthesurfaceofdriedarticleofhousewarebeforeburning.

3.Виконання вправ.

1)I'll show you some works of famous artists and be attention, please. Your task will be to find this or that work which will be named.

1. A Lady with a Child. Terranotta, painting with engobe. Lvivshchyna. Beginning of the ХХ century.

2. A Jug. Majolica, painting with engobes. Poltavshchyna. End of the ХХ century.

3. Dzbanok. Majolica, painting. Zakarpattya. Beginning of the ХХ century.

4. Dzbanok. Majolica, painting. Zakarpattya. Beginning of the ХХ century.

5. Candlestick-Trinity.Ivano-Frankivshchyna. Beginning of the ХХ century.

6. Dzbanoks, a Jug. Majolica. Lvivshchyna. 1950s.

2)Please, name the famous ornaments in Kosiv.

ІІІ Підсумокзаняття.

-I hope that you got to know many interesting things about ceramics and pottery.

ІV Домашнє завдання.

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