План заняття

І Організаційний момент. Привітання

II. Перевірка домашнього завдання.

ІІІ. Основна частина.

A good transport system is needed if goods are to be traded efficiently. A consigner (someone who dispatches goods) can choose to send his consignment (the goods) to the consignee (the person who receives the goods) by:

• Water, which covers both domestic (national) and ocean (international) shipping

• Land, by road or by rail

• Air.

When choosing the most suitable form of transport, the consignor has to consider:

• What kind of goods are to be sent — perishable goods have to be transported more quickly than non-perishable goods, for example.

• The place of destination — not all destinations can be reached by all forms of transport.

• The cost of each form of transport, how fast it is and how safe. The consignor may have to decide whether speed is more important than safety, for example.

Types of cargo

When goods are being transported, they are called "cargo" or "freight". Cargo can be divided into three categories:

• General cargo — goods sent packed in boxes, cases, chests and other containers.

• Bulk cargo — large quantities of items such as sand, grain and coal when sent unpacked.

• Bulky cargo — large individual items such as cars which have to be sent unpacked.

consignor

consignment

consignee

general cargo

bulk cargо

bulky cargo

EXERCISE 1 Turn the following into the Passive Voice

1. We received this letter after his departure. 2. Have dogs ever attacked you? 3. Bees gather honey from flowers. 4. The storm drove the ship against a rock. 5. Who discovered the circulation of blood? 6. They are selling delicious fruit ice cream there now. 7. The old man showed us the way out of the wood. 8. They offered her some interesting work. 9. The doctor prescribed her new medicine. 10. They often speak about him. 11. Everybody laughed at this funny animal. 12. We have been looking for you the whole morning. 13. We shall insist on strict discipline. 14. They teach three foreign languages at this school.

EXERCISE 2 Turn the following into the Active Voice

1. The light has not yet been turned off. 2. The boy was punished for misbehaving. 3. By three o'clock everything had been prepared. 4. The dictation was written without mistakes. 5. Whom was the poem written by? 6. Her dress was washed and ironed. 7. I was not blamed for the mistakes. 8. The papers had been looked through and corrected by the next lesson. 9. This house was built last year. 10. The letter has just been sent. 11. This article will be translated at the lesson on Tuesday. 12. When will this book be returned to the library? 13. The room was cleaned and aired. 14. Have all these books been read? 15. Whom were these letters written by? 16. The letter has just been typed. 17. She showed me the picture which had been painted by her husband. 18. I shall not be allowed to go there. 19. He has been told everything, so he knows what to do now. 20. All the questions must be answered. 21. The door has been left open. 22. Betty was met at the station. 23. The girl was not allowed to go to the concert.

24. She said that the new time-table had not yet been hung up on the notice-board. 25. The chicken was eaten with appetite. 26. It was so dark, that the houses could not be seen.

EXERCISE 3.Open the brackets using the verbs in the Passive Voice.

1. I am sure I (to ask) at the lesson tomorrow. 2. They told me that the new student (to speak) much about. 3. The hostess said that one more guest (to expect). 4. The newspaper said that an interesting exhibition (to open) in the Hermitage the next week. 5. This new dictionary (to sell) everywhere now. 6. All the texts (to look) through yesterday and not a single mistake (to find). 7. Two reports on Hemingway's stories (to make) in our group last month. Both of them were very interesting. 8. He said that Grandmother's letter (to receive) the day before. 9. Two new engineers just (to introduce) to the head of the department. 10. Don't worry, everything will be all right: the children (to take) to the theatre by the teacher and they (to bring) back to school in the evening.

Домашнє завдання : вивчити нові слова з тексту

Заняття № 21