II

Principles and methods of the radiotherapy. Bases of the radiotherapy tumours and non-tumours diseases.

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The general indications to purpose of radiotherapy.

1. All malignant tumours except for radioresistant (tumours of a pancreas, bile-ducts and some tumours of brain, tumour of thin intestines). Radio treatment is shown in the skin cancer, lip, tounge, stomach, mammary glands, lungs, uterus, etc.

2. Blood diseases is accompanied with raised maintenance of uniform elements of blood (polycelloemya, leukemical reactions).

3. Endocrine systems diseases - Cushing’s basophilicm, thyrotoxicosis.

4. Nervous system diseases - radiculitis, neuritis, polyneuritis,multiple sclerosis, siringomielia, arhachnoidity, postamputeishional painful syndrome, diencefal syndrome, oedematic exophtalmiti, etc.

5. Inflammatory diseases: carbuncles, furuncules, mastitises, hydradenitis, languidly Granulating wounds, osteomyelitis, a thrombophlebitis, paraproktitis, etc.

6. degenerate-dystrophic processes - arthroses, spondileses, osteochondroses, limy bursitis, peritendeites, calcaneal osteofitis, etc.

7. Skin diseases of : fungual defeats of hair, heads itching dermatosis, not microbic exematic, a neurodermatitis, etc.

8. Postoperative complications: anastomositis, fistulas, kausalgia, etc.

Contra-indications:

Absolute:

1. All radioresistant tumours.

2. Anemical conditions (Hb less then 70 g/l, it is less 3х109/l, Тр. It is less 150х109/l).

3. Insufficiente cardiovascular system, a liver, kidneys.

4. Cancer kochexia, disinteGyation of a tumour.

5. Radiation sickness and radiation injuries in the past.

Relative:

1. Children's age.

2. The Period of pregnancy and lactation.

3. IV stage of cancer process.

4. Acute infections or agriavation of chronic infectious diseases.

5. Cancer kachexia as a result of the cancer of thyroid gland.

Indications to purpose of radiotherapy of non-tumours diseases (see „ general indications... ” п.3-8)

Contra-indications to purpose of radiotherapy of non-tumours diseases

Absolute:

1. Acute condition of the patient.

2. Insufficiente organ and system -respiratory system, liver, kidneys.

3. Anemical conditions (Hb less then 70 g/l, 3 х 109/l, Тр i 150х109/l).

4. Radiation sickness and the radio damages transferred in the past.

5. Children's age.

6. Pregnancy.

Relative:

1. Acute septic and infectious diseases.

2. The Expressed and widespread skin, etc. inflammatory processes.

Basic principles of radio therapy of malignant tumours|swelling|:

1. Timely application of radio therapy in the possibly early stages of disease.

2. Choice of the most rational method of radiation exposure.

3. Tricking into|by| the tumour|swelling| of optimum dose in optimum terms at the simultaneous saving viability of surrounding healthy tissues and decline|lowering| of the general|common| integral|integrated| dose eaten up by an organism.

4. Simultaneous radio influence on a primary tumour|swelling| and on the regionar | ways of metastasis |.

5. Complexity of patient treatment: use together with radio therapy of facilities which promote|raises| general|common| and local reactivity of organism.

The general principles of radio therapy of non-tumours diseases

1. Radio treatment of non tumours diseases should be applied only in the presence of the indications proved to them.

2. Radio therapy is a method of a choice when there are no other methods of treatment of the given disease, and is applied as a rule when probability somatic, genetic and radiation injuries are excluded completely and the positive effect from already applied medical actions has not been reached.

3. Radio treatment of not tumour diseases should not be applied at children and teenagers and pregnant women.

4. The basic technique of radiation exposure is a direct influence upon the pathological changed bodies and tissues.

The sources of ionizing radiation used for radio therapy

Depending upon a spatial arrangement of the source of radiation in relation to the body of the patient carry out an external radiation exposure — from skin, or internal — a source of radiation in the body of the patient. For radio therapy use closed (⁶⁰Co, ¹³⁷Cs, ¹⁸²Tа, ²⁰⁴Tl, ¹⁹²Ir, etc.) and opened (³²Р, metastron ⁸⁹Sr chloride, ¹³¹I, ¹⁹⁸Au, etc.) radiopharmaceutical sources - and -radiations (definition of concepts see section 1) and electrophysical devices — generators of radiations.

For reception of therapeutic effect preliminary sate tissues, are subject to an radiation exposure, with elements, which easily Grasp neutrons (neutroncapturel therapy), for example, 10В. In nuclear reaction which occurs to capture neutrons by atoms of the element, alpha particles which create high density of ionization are thrown out. It enables to bring a high dose of radiation exposure to the tumour.