Watch a video and identify the real reason for the aviation event.
Video # 37
Speak on the case using the words and phrases given in exercise 5.
Describe a picture and give as many ideas as possible about the event. Justify your opinion. You have 30 seconds to think.
VIDEO # 38
|
Warm up.
|
|
A
B
1.
error
a)
nowadays
2.
terrain
b)
purposely
3.
fatalities
c)
result
4.
crash
d)
to pay attention to
5.
to monitor
e)
main
6.
to occur
f)
offender
7.
malfunction
g)
avoiding
8.
partially
h)
seldom
9.
to cover
i)
mistake
10.
currently
j)
equipment
11.
consequence
k)
death
12.
rarely
l)
to deal with
13.
deliberately
m)
ground
14.
major
n)
to control
15.
aid
o)
to take place
16.
intruder
p)
failure
17.
evasive
q)
partly
18.
to take into account
r)
collision
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Match the words in a to their definitions in b.
A B
1. layout |
a) knowledge or understanding of a particular subject or a situation |
2. to be subject to |
b) an official document which permits to do, own, or use smth. |
3. to fire |
c) not suitable |
4. license |
d) a type of lock for a door |
5. to revoke |
e) to be likely to have, suffer or be affected by smth. |
6. to screen |
f) when someone or something is very much dependant on someone or something else |
7. fitness |
g) to become better |
8. to dive |
h) to take medical test to see if someone has an illness |
9. latch |
i) to force someone to leave their job, to dismiss someone from one’s job |
10 over-relianced |
j) being very tired |
11 awareness |
k) conditions, when you are healthy and strong enough to do hard work or sports |
12 to improve |
l) to cancel a law, license |
13. fatigue |
m) to make less forceful |
14. improper |
n) the way in which the parts of something are arranged according to a plan |
15. to blunt |
o) to go lower quickly |
16. manpower |
p) the number of people working or available for work |
awareness
/ terrain / to dive / fitness / to improve /
to revoke / to be subject / major / screen
/ to fire /
|
______________a lot for recent time.
|
Though the statistics approves that aviation is the safest mode of transport, a lot of people nowadays are afraid of flying. According to all available information, the reason for the majority of incidents and accidents is the human error.
Indeed
human factor is currently the most common factor of aviation
crashes. It deals with all the human elements of people in
man-machine systems. It covers not only the traditional design and
layout of equipment and workplaces, but also all aspects of
manpower, organization, management, distribution of responsibility,
automation, communication, skills, training, health, safety, and the
prevention of errors and accidents.
Pilots’ and controllers’ errors and improper communication are often reason for the collision of aircraft. Using inadequate phraseology can cause misunderstanding and result in a disaster, so the language aspect is also important. If pilots fail to monitor the flight instruments properly and if air traffic controllers fail to monitor aircraft tracks on radar screens and provide necessary separation between aircraft properly can have catastrophic consequences.
Rarely, flight crew members are arrested or subject to disciplinary action for being intoxicated on the job. In 2002 two America West pilots were arrested just before they were scheduled to fly from Miami, Florida, to Arizona, because they had been drinking alcohol. The pilots have been fired from America West and the FAA revoked their pilot’s licenses.
Although most air crews are screened for psychological fitness, some may take suicidal actions. In the case of Egypt Air Flight 990 in 1999, it appears that the first officer (co-pilot) deliberately dove his aircraft into the Atlantic Ocean.
B
ut
human factors are not limited to errors made by the pilots and the
air traffic controllers. The people concerned are those associated
with the total system: designers, equipment suppliers, maintainers,
support personnel, instructors and so on.
The failure to close a cargo door properly on Turkish Airlines Flight 981 in 1974 resulted in the loss of the aircraft – however, the design of the cargo door latch was also a major factor in the incident. In case of Japan Airlines Flight 123, improper maintenance resulted in the loss of the vertical stabilizer.
C
ontrolled
flight into terrain (CFIT) is a class of accident in which an
undamaged aircraft is flown, under control, into terrain. These
accidents typically are a result of pilot error or navigational
system error. Some pilots, over-relianced on advanced electronic
navigational systems such as GPS, INS, Flight Management System
computers, are partially responsible for these accidents. Crew
awareness and careful monitoring of navigational systems can prevent
CFIT accidents.
Other technical aids can be used to help pilots maintain situational awareness. A ground-collision warning system is an on-board system that will alert a pilot if the aircraft is about to fly into the ground. Another on-board system, the TCAS computer, scans the airspace around the aircraft and in case an intruder aircraft is detected, it determines if evasive action is necessary, and if so what kind of evasive actions has to be taken.
Flight
incidents seldom happen because of deliberate non-observance of the
established rules. Usually aviation events occur in circumstances
which appear to be above opportunities of the person. Thus, while
analyzing actions of the person during aviation incident or
accident, his decision and acts it is necessary to take into account
the level of working capacity of the person which depends on a limit
of his physical and psychological opportunities, knowledge,
qualification, skills, experience. The person is subject to such a
big number of variable factors, various situations and circumstances
that to predict all of them is very difficult. Therefore much
attention should be given to all factors which can influence the
particular person. In other words, it is necessary to analyze not
only mistakes of a person, but also the reason for which they have
occurred.
Read the text again. Find the information which could help prove the following statement:
“Self-calmness, self-assurance, absence of self-discipline can blunt feeling of danger and can lead to a bad end”
Speak on the factors which influence working capacity of the person in ordinary and especially emergency situations.
You should mention the following:
Fatigue
Illness
Consumption of medicines, alcohol
Human stress
Factors connected with an environment such as noise, temperature, etc.
Speak on the personal features which influence working capacity of the person in ordinary and especially emergency situations.
You should mention the following:
The ability to notice and understand
Motivation
Job satisfaction
Emotions
Self-discipline etc.
Speak on the problems pilots and controllers can face in air-ground communication.
You should mention the following
Misunderstanding
Expectation factor
The use of non-standard phraseology
Poor knowledge of English.
Speak on how to prevent or avoid the influence of human factor in air- ground communication.
You should mention the following:
Correct controller’s instructions
Complete read back by pilots.
Careful listening by controllers to pilots’ read back
Improving the English language skills
Crew or ATC team coordination
Study the information below. What facts can you get from it?
Status: |
Final |
Date: |
03 MAY 2006 |
Time: |
02:13 |
Type: |
Airbus 320-21 |
Operator: |
Armavia |
Registration: |
EK-32009 |
|
|
First flight: |
1995-06-28 |
Total airframe hrs |
28234 |
|
|
Engines: |
2CFMICFM56-5A1 |
Crew: |
Fatalities: 8 / Occupants: 8 |
Passengers: |
Fatalities: 105/Occupants: 105 |
Total: |
Fatalities: 113/ Occupants: 113 |
|
|
Location:
|
6 km (3.8 mls) SW off Adler/Sochi Airport (AER) (Russia) |
|
* show on map |
Phase: |
Approach |
Nature: |
International Scheduled Passenger Flight |
Departure airport: |
Yerevan Airport (EVN/UGEE), Armenia |
Destination airport |
Adler/Sochi Airport (AER/URSS), Russia
|
Flight number: |
9 |
67