- •1. And 2 The subject and aim of lexicology. The branches of lexicology.
- •3 . English as an adaptive system.
- •4. Neologisms and archaism.
- •9. English phraseology.
- •11. Meaning and context.
- •12. English lexicography
- •13 .Linguistic and exrtalinguistic causes of semantic change.
- •15 . Classification of Vocabulary as a system.
- •16. Etymological characteristics of the Modern English Word-stock.
- •17. Affixation
- •19 . Major type of word formation
- •Verbs can also be made from adjectives: to pale, to yellow, to cool, to grey, to rough (e. G. We decided to rough it in the tents as the weather was warm), etc.
- •20 . Minor types of word-formation.
- •Reduplication
- •There are 2 main types of word-meaning:
- •The grammatical meaning
- •The lexical meaning.
- •27 . Homonyms
- •3 Classification:
17. Affixation
Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to different types of bases. Affixation is subdivided into suffixation and prefixation. In Modern E. suffixation is mostly characteristic of a noun and adj. formation, while prefixation is mostly typical of verb formation. The distinction also rests on the role different types of meaning play in the semantic structure of the suffix and prefix. The part-of-speech meaning has a much greater significance in suffixes as compared to prefixes which possess it in a lesser degree. Due to it a prefix may be confined to one part of speech (unbutton, encage) or may function in more than one part of speech (overkind, to overfeed); unlike prefixes, suffixes as a rule function in any one part of speech often forming a derived stem of a different part of speech as compared with that of the base (careless-care). Prefixation is the formation of words with the help of prefixes. There are about 51 prefixes in the system of Modern English word-formation. There 2 types of prefixes that are to be distinguished: 1) those not correlated with any independent word (un-, post-, dis-) 2) those correlated with functional words (prepositions or preposition-like adverbs – out-, up-, under-). Prefixes of the second type are qualified as semi-bound morphemes, which imply that they occur in speech in various utterances both as independent words and as derivational affixes (over the river – to overpass). Diachronically distinction is made between prefixes of native and foreign origin. Synchronically prefixes may be classified: 1) according to the class of words they form (verb-forming – to undo, noun-forming); 2) as to the type of lexical-grammatical character of the base they are added to into: deverbal (rewrite), denominal (ex-president), deadjectival (uneasy);3) as to the generic denotational meaning: negative prefixes (un-, non-, in-, dis-), resersative or private prefixes (un-, de-, dis-; untie, disconnect), perjorative prefixes (mis-, mal-, pseudo-), prefixes of time and order (fore-,pre-, post-,ex-), prefix of repetition re-, locative prefixes (super-, sub-, trans-); 5) according to their stylistic reference: neutral stylistic reference (out-, re-, under-) and those possessing quite a definite stylistic value (pseudo-, ultra-, uni-); 6) prefixes may be also classified as to the degree of productivity into highly-productive (re-), productive and non-productive (,-fore – to foresee).Suffixation is the formation of words with the help of suffixes. Suffixes usually modify the lexical meaning of the base and transfer words to a different part of speech. Suffixes may be classified: 1) the part of speech formed: noun-suffixes (-er, -ness), adj.-suffixes (-able, -ic), verb-suffixes (-en, -ize), adverb-suffixes (-ly,-ward). 2) according to the lexico-grammatical character of the base: deverbal (-er, -ment), denominal (-less,-ist), de-adj (-ly, -ish) 3) the criterion of sense expressed by a set of suffixes: the agent of an action (-er, -ant), appurtenance (-an, -ian, -es), collectivity (-age, -dom), diminutiveness (-let, -ling) 4) stylistic reference: neutral (-able, -er) and stylistic value (-oid, -aceous, -tron) 5) the degree of productivity. ( productive – ly; -full; - ness; non-productive -ous, -th– famous, depth, -ard – drunkard). ?origin – tion,ment,able – Roman; ist,ism,ize – Greek; er,ful,less - native?Derivational affixes are polysemantic (-y: 1) composed of, full of – bony, 2) characterized by – rainy, 3) having the character of – bushy). They can also be synonymic – ER-OR-IST – «еру doer of the action». Many homonymic derivational affixes can be found among those forming both different parts of speech and different semantic groupings within the same part of speech (-ly – lovely/quickly – the adj/adv forming suff. – ful – spoonful/beautiful – noun/adj forming suff.). The degree of productivity very much depends on the structural, lexico-grammatical and semantic nature of bases and the meaning of the affix.
Affixes are usually divided into living and dead affixes. Living affixes are easily separated from the stem (care-ful). Dead affixes have become fully merged with the stem and can be singled out by a diachronic analysis of the development of the word (admit - L.- ad + mittere). Living affixes are in their turn divided into productive and non-productive affixes. In many cases the choice of the affixes is a means of differentiating meaning:
uninterested - disinterested distrust - mistrust