МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ, МОЛОДІ ТА СПОРТУ
Національний університет кораблебудування
імені адмірала Макарова
А. Л. КОШКІНА
МЕТОДИЧНІ ВКАЗІВКИ
з дисципліни
«Англійська мова»
Миколаїв 2013
УДК
Укладач А. Л. Кошкіна
Рецензент
Кошкіна А. Л.
Методичні вказівки з дисципліни «Англійська мова» / А. Л. Кошкіна. – Миколаїв: Видавництво НУК, 2013. – 100 c.
Запропоновано специфічну інформацію і знання, котрі сприяють формуванню лексичної та граматичної компетенції. Наведено оригінальні тексти та систему вправ з теми «Напівпровідникові пристрої», а також вправи на перевірку засвоєння деяких граматичних тем.
Призначено для студентів першого курсу спеціальності «Електронні пристрої та системи».
Кошкіна А. Л., 2013
Видавництво НУК, 2013
CONTENTS
Unit 1. Semiconductors. 4
The Verb “To Be”. 10
Unit 2. Diode. 23
The Pesent Continuous Tense. 29
Unit 3. Transistor. 41
The Present Indefinite Tense. 52
Unit 4. Integrated Circuit. 59
The Past Indefinite Tense. 64
Tips for Learning Irregular Verbs 71
Glossary 76
Key 83
Bibliography 99
Unit 1 semiconductors
Figure 1.1. A Semiconductor Wafer.
Contents
What is a Semiconductor?
Types of Semiconductors.
How Semiconductors Work.
Doping of Semiconductors.
What is a semiconductor?
Warm-up
“Find someone who…” activity. One student walks around the classroom and asks questions to his fellow students. If the answer is “Yes” he writes down the student’s name on the blackboard.
Ask your fellow students:
Have you ever….? Name of a fellow student
….. worked on the computer?
….. used a calculator?
….. watched plasma TV?
….. kept food in the fridge?
….. talked on the cell phone?
….. heated up the food in the microwave oven?
….. made a presentation on the notebook?
…..thought what makes all these electronic devices work?
Listening
Listen to the text and find the answer to the question: What makes modern electronic devices work?
We use electronic devices every day, every hour, every minute of our life. We like them, we need them, we use all the advantages they give us, they help us, they save our time, they make us feel comfortable. Modern day electronic devices and many of the functions and features that we take for granted would not exist without these materials. Each electronic device, from a simple toaster that can sense when toast is too brown to the most technologically advanced home theater system, uses these materials. What materials?
These materials are semiconductors. They have had a monumental impact on our society. Semiconductors are used extensively in electronic circuits. You find semiconductors at the heart of microprocessor chips and transistors. Anything that's computerized or uses radio waves depends on semiconductors. Most semiconductors are crystals made of certain materials, most commonly silicon.
The magic word “semiconductor” is composed of two words: “semi” which means not completely and “conductor” which means a material or an object that conducts heat, sound, light, or electricity. Everybody is familiar with "electricity". It is present everywhere; it runs many appliances. In simple terms, the current must pass through wires so that the electricity can reach all these appliances. So a conductor is nothing but a material having ability to conduct this electricity. Semiconductors conduct electricity to some extent, less than the conductors, how much do you think? Well, it depends on the type of a material or its mixture and size. A semiconductor is a material that has intermediate conductivity between a conductor and an insulator.
Listen to the text once more and choose among the following expressions the ones you hear:
Semiconductors make us feel comfortable.
Everybody is familiar with electricity.
Electronic devices are used in electronic circuits.
“Semi” which means not completely.
We use semiconductors every day.
Most semiconductors are crystals.
Reading
Let's take a closer look at semiconductors. Read the whole text and come up with the title for it.
Read the first part of the text and fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations in the box.
-
crystal lattice nucleus conductor electrons orbit
vibrating ions copper positive ion net motion atom
All matter consists of atoms. Each (1)……………has electrons orbiting the nucleus. The (2)………………..contains the same amount of positive charge as the negative charge possessed by the orbiting electrons. The ability of any material to conduct electricity depends primarily on the behaviour of the (3)……………..in the outer orbits. Therefore, it is necessary to review briefly some aspects of solid-state physics.
In a metallic conductor such as (4)……………., the atoms are arranged in a regular array called a crystal lattice. The electrons in the outer orbits of each metal atom are only loosely bound to the nucleus. These electrons are not closely associated with any particular atom and are free to move through the (5)……………. Once an electron has left its (6)…………….round a particular atom, that atom is left with an excess positive charge. The electron-deficient atom is called a (7)……………. The electron that is now free to move is called a free electron. The free electrons in a conductor can be visualized as a cloud of electrons surrounding fixed positive ions.
At normal temperatures, the ions possess energy and vibrate. Collisions between (8)………………and free electrons cause the electrons to move in a random manner. Over a long period of time, the net motion of these free electrons is zero.
If an electric field is applied to the (9)………………, the free electrons will acquire additional energy and will tend to move in the direction dictated by the field. There will be a resulting net motion of free electrons. The (10)..................of charge carriers constitutes an electric current.
Read the second part of the text and put the rearranged words in the correct order.
In an insulator, (1) bound very electrons nearly tightly are all to their respective atoms. There are practically no electrons that are able to move under the influence of an applied electric field. Therefore, (2) current conduct an cannot any insulator electric under normal conditions.
As its name implies, a semiconductor (3) current is a that material conducts, but only partly. The conductivity of a semiconductor is somewhere between that of an insulator, which has almost no conductivity, and a conductor, (4) conductivity almost which full has. The conductivity of a semiconductor increases with increasing temperature, (5) of opposite metal that to behaviour a. Semiconductors can display a range of useful properties such as passing current more easily in one direction than the other.
Speaking
Imagine that you have an interview with a semiconductor engineer what questions concerning the topic you would ask him. Work in pairs, make dialogues.