Вправа 40. Перекладіть речення, визначивши слова (терміни), під час перекладу яких слід застосувати прийом описового перекладу

1. A star that is in balance and burning hydrogen in its core is called a main sequence star. 2. A flowchart is a pictorial description of a procedure to be followed in solving a given problem. 3. The biota (plants and animals) of each kind of biome have similar characteristics worldwide; biomes comprise smaller units called habitats. 4. The associated ocean bottom is generally flat in the Atlantic and hilly in the Pacific and is composed mainly of pelagic or partially pelagic muds - that is, open-ocean sediments as contrasted to those deposited near continents by rivers. 5. In 1989 the United States began constructing a proton collider, the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC), which was to yield collision energies of 40 TeV. 6. Advection is the process by winch one or more properties or components of the atmosphere - such as temperature, moisture, or pollutants - are affected by horizontal (and sometimes vertical) air movements. 7. Aperture synthesis is a method in radio astronomy that utilizes several telescopes simultaneously to create images of cosmic radio sources, which results in much better resolution than can be achieved by the individual telescopes. 8. An intermetallic compound is made up of two or more elements that together produce a new substance having its own composition, crystal structure, and properties. 9. Such programs typically include collections of stored images called "clip art." which users can electronically "clip out," "paste into" the working tile, and then manipulate. 10. Online, interactive services are information and transactional services that are delivered to individual users, through a personal computer or other electronic devices, using a two-way telecommunications system such as a telephone or cable television. 11. The combined status and income or occupational divisions in capitalist industrial societies are sufficiently alike to permit sociologists to identify four main classes: an upper class of owners, managers, and top public officials; a middle class of nonmanual white-collar workers and owners of small businesses; a manual working class; and a lower class, or underclass, of the irregularly employed and the rural poor. 12. Because futurists recognize the unavoidable uncertainty inherent in forecasting, much of their work focuses on "what-if examinations of alternatives rather than precise prediction. 13. Affordances are perceivable characteristics of objects, people, and layouts that support some action- for example, the convenient mountability of a stairway. 14. Affirmative action is a formal effort to provide increased employment opportunities for women and ethnic minorities, to overcome past patterns of discrimination: under the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 most federal contractors, all state governments and institutions (including universities), and most local governments were required to initiate plans to increase the proportions of their female and minority employees until they matched the proportions existing in the available labor market. 15. Already there are "debit" cards, with which customers may make purchases with money deducted immediately and electronically from their checking accounts; "dumb" cards, which allow holders to use a certain amount of prepaid telephone time; and "smart" cards. 16. Some anthropologists use the term enculturation to refer to the process of socialization. 17. Adoptionism, or adoptianism, was a theological doctrine propounded in the 8th century by a Spanish bishop, Elipandus of Toledo: concerned to distinguish between the divine and human natures of Christ, Elipandus held that in his divinity Christ was the son of God by nature, but in his humanity by adoption only.

Вправа 41. Перекладіть наступні метафоричні терміни, звертаючись у разі необхідності до спеціальних перекладних словників

fired activity, arm actuator, soft background, badger, open mouth, baud, «bird's beak», bacteria bed, glacier bed, static bed, vibration bed, «birdie», «bird's mouth», biscuit, bishop, blackboard, blackface, blackheart, galvanizing coat, skirt, host, tunnel diode twin, «orange skin», jumping toner, straight tooth, high accuracy, high technology, behavior of matter, striking low-temperature behavior.

Вправа 42. Перекладіть речення, визначивши в них метафоричні терміни, належність їх до мовних або мовленнєвих метафор та адекватний спосіб їхнього перекладу

1. If the primary purpose of a dam is power generation, the dam height is critical, for the power generated increases in direct ratio to the head (height) of water impounded. 2. The St. Lawrence system has long been the most important, because it provides a waterway 4.3 m (14 ft) deep from the head of Lake Superior to the Gulf of St Lawrence. 3. The vessel has five thrusters mounted along its hull and can rotate around the turret so that it is always lying head to the wind. 4. The lower section consists of four immense arched legs set on masonry piers. As they extend upwards, the legs curve inwards until they unite in a single tapered tower. 5. High archetype dams in rock canyons usually have downstream faces too steep for an overflow spillway. 6. It is the reciprocal of the resistivity, which is defined as the resistance between opposite faces of a cube of the material. 7. Tunnels through mountains or underwater are usually worked from the two opposite ends, or faces, of the passage. 8. Dipper, or bucket, dredges have a bucket on the end of a movable arm that scoops up underwater material. 9. When more than one oar was used in steering, the steering oars were attached to each other and were directed by means of a single steering arm. 10. Bridge is a structure providing continuous passage over a body of water, roadway, or valley. 11. One of the great advantages of metals as materials lies in their ability to be formed into the desired shape, such as car body parts. 12. Knots are areas of the trunk in which the base of a branch has become embedded in the body of the wood. 13. The Aare is about 280 kin (175 miles) long and is navigable from the mouth to the town of Thun, Switzerland. 14. Stanley descended the Lualaba-Congo river system in 1876 and 1877 to its mouth, travelling more than 2,575 km (1,600 miles). 15. Situated at the foot of Ben Venue, a mountain 726 m (2,382 ft) high, and west of the wooded valley known as The Trossachs, the loch is noted for its beauty. 16. The problem of West Berlin, surrounded by East German territory, was particularly thorny. 17. The pressure of India against Asia caused the crust to bend upwards into the Himalayas, a і Омі continues today. 18. The eroded roots of the mountains produced by the Acadian orogeny form the northern section of today's Appalachians, extending from New England north to Newfoundland. 19. The American geologist Harry Hammond Hess argued that if the ocean floor were apart in one part of the globe, the expansion that would result there had to be accommodated by subduction in another part. 20. The other, Sabri al-Banna (Abu Nidai), defected to Iraq, where he became the head of a renegade terrorist group operating not only against Israel and its allies internationally, but also against the Al Fatah leadership itself. 21. Without waiting for acceptance of these demands, the Red Army occupied the countries. Soviet puppet governments were established, and all anti-Soviet elements were suppressed. 22. Jacobinism still flourished among the lower classes. In the higher circles of society, Royalist agitators boldly campaigned for restoration. 23. After his reception at the town hall, the Archduke changed his plans on the spur of the moment, deciding to visit wounded soldiers in hospital before proceeding to the city museum. 24. Some scholars today in the field of art his troy pass the subject off as the old hat. 25. For each expression, there is a floor of definition below which its value is nil. 26. In philosophy, we have now entered into the «cognitive turn».

Вправа 43. У наступних реченнях проаналізуйте виділені метонімічні звороти та перекладіть речення українською мовою, дотримуючись правил відтворення метонімії

1. The world was insane, and I no longer wished to have anything to do with it.

2. There was a further knock on the front door, then silence, and I raged at the stupidity of the country police.

3. Very soon afterwards there was a concerned official face staring at me through the jagged hole in the glass of the kitchen door.

4. As soon as he cut me free, he insisted on providing the immemorial English answer to all the major crises of the existence and motherly watched me down two cups of his dark brown tea.

5. I had to disillusion him as to the lengths to which the literary London will go in pursuing me for my "ungainly" book.

6. I understand the commune was subsequently raided, but nothing more incriminating was found than the inevitable cannabis.

7. I spent a month of misery, I suppose, in something veiy like a profound sulk.

8. A carbon of the first three typed-out chapters had remained in London.

9. I have tried my best, but I may have exaggerated, especially in the attempts to transcribe my persecutor's dialogue.

10. I have a small vice, I am rather fond of watching football matches, the sight of so much mindless energy devoted to the modern equivalent of the Roman circus.