Вправа 36. Перекладіть наступні речення та словосполучення, застосовуючи різні види лексичних трансформацій

1) Додавання:

The flowers carpeted the hills and fields.

She has never travelled internationally.

They watched the criminal out of the court room.

Professionally, he can be completely relied on.

According to the company's president, the reorganization is inevitable.

There were no villagers nearby to ask the way.

He stole a look at the girl.

2) Опущення:

He jumped to his feet and ran after them.

Why scratching your left ear with your right hand?

The invaders came to kill and murder civil population.

Working men and women deserve a better life.

We were sick and tired of waiting for hours and hours.

3) Контекстуальні заміни:

а) конкретизація:

Things look promising.

The meal was served at 6 p.m.

It will take me about an hour to drive there.

All the hotels in the city provide parking facilities.

б) генералізація:

Two persons were reported shot.

The dog sniffed every inch of the ground.

A 120-voice choir was performing in the open air.

The five-minute meeting with reporters was over.

в) антонімічний переклад:

Their attitude was not unfriendly.

She had not left the reception until after her driver came to pick her up.

They had little to say to each other.

The permission is not given unless authorized by the dean.

Her name does not sound unfamiliar to me.

г) цілістне переосмислення:

Sleep on it, tomorrow is a new day.

Robbing Peter to pay Tom.

It's easy to be wise after the event.

No gain without pain.

Do as you would be done by.

Black sheep.

Re-inventing the wheel.

When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

Вправа 37. Перекладіть речення, застосовуючи контекстуальну заміну при перекладі певних слів і словосполучень

1. These forces tend to become significant when the electron clouds of the molecules overlap. 2. Perpetual Motion is a long-held concept of a system that could provide useful work indefinitely, once set in motion. 3. Indoor radon has become a major health concern because it increases the risk of lung cancer. 4. The whole product development process is increasingly multidisciplmary. 5. However, these optimistic expectations had already begun to be undermined in the 1930s. 6. The design of parachutes has become increasingly sophisticated. 7. The barometer is thus the basis for all meteorological prediction. 8. English law is committed to a rational rather than a formalistic system of evidence. 9. Local government is ill fitted to resist any encroachment on its powers by the central government. 10. As an organized school, Epicureanism went out of existence early in the 4th century AD. 11. Although homeopathy is discounted by most doctors, it is still widely practised. 12. Major developments in the field of communications and control have been the replacement of analogue systems with digital systems. 13. One of the major handicaps faced by offenders in their attempts to earn a legitimate livelihood is an inadequate education. 14. As a glacier moves down a valley, or cross-country in the case of a. large ice sheet, it sculpts the land in a characteristic manner. 15. Air offers about 15,000 tunes as much resistance to heat flow as a good thermal conductor such as silver does, and about 30 times as much as glass. 16. The scope of geophysics also broadly includes outer-space phenomena that influence the earth, even in subtle ways; the effects of the sun on the earth's magnetic field; and manifestations of cosmic radiation and the solar wind. 17. Until the beginning of the 20th century, astronomers were still uncertain about the nature of what were then described as the spiral and elliptical nebulae. 18. Hypermedia, especially in an interactive format where choices are controlled by the user, is structured around the idea of offering a working and learning environment that parallels human thinking. 19. Because of outside antagonism to the system of "complex marriage", whereby all adults in the community were considered married to one another, the system was abandoned in 1879. 20. A second major discovery by ethologists is that many complex behaviours come prepackaged as motor programs - self-contained circuits able to direct the coordinated movements of many different muscles to accomplish a task.

Вправа 38. Перекладіть речення, застосовуючи під перекладу відповідних слів і словосполучень прийом смислового розвитку

1. No one norm is always obeyed: and no one person obeys all norms. 2. But no major industrial nation still embraced protectionism as a general principle. 3. It should be noted, however, that neither the pictorial depth cues, nor what was called inference in the classical theory, can as yet be dismissed. 4. The explorers and missionaries of the last century, for example, often dismissed much of the worldview of the peoples they encountered as superstition. 5. A similar concept, fugacity, allows for the nonideal behavior of gases. 6. It also results in an inability to attend to more than one task at a time or to organize thoughts and plans effectively. 7. Such operating modes elaborate "executive" programs to attend to the administration of the various tasks. 8. It reacts with acid to evolve carbon dioxide gas, a property that is the basis for a simple test for its presence in minerals. 9. One of the species will be eliminated unless it can evolve to occupy a slightly different niche. 10. Apparent corroboration for the concept of a finite stellar universe came from what is called Olbers's paradox, which argues that if the system of stars went on to infinity, the sky should appear bright in all directions. 11. Humanistic psychologists focus on the ways in which individuals evolve healthy personalities and the means they employ to achieve this goal. 12. Humidification is important in many industrial processes and for the comfort of people, since there is a certain optimal level of moisture, or humidity. 13. Hydroelectncity is produced from the energy of falling water; among renewable energy sources, it is the most technically mature, only wood makes a larger Contribution worldwide. 14. In most motors the magnetic field is furnished by an electromagnet, which can be made much stronger than a permanent magnet. 15. The intimate relation between instrumentation and the generation and testing of scientific theories has always been apparent to the productive scientist. 16. Paleoanthropology calls on the skills of many specialists. 17. A different line of thought suggests that works of art are not like objects even on a first impression. 18. Individuals who score high on tests of intelligence lend lo do better on tests of academic knowledge, to stay m school longer, and to enter a more prestigious occupation than do individuals who score low on intelligence tests. 19. Often, managing conflict involves the passage of laws. 20. Although the practice of industrial espionage is most commonly ascribed to industry, theft of scientific ideas and technological advances has been a problem between governments as well. 21. A number of factors have coalesced to change the course of information science. 22. The traditional purpose of education in the humanities was to instill qualities that were thought essential to citizenship and participation in public affairs.

Вправа 39. Перекладіть речення, застосовуючи прийом формальної неґативації до відповідних слів, словосполучень та інших компонентів речень:

1. Transatlantic telephone transmission was not accomplished until 1956. 2. Governments do not relinquish their authority unless compelled to do so. 3. Іn both France and England a truly classical style was not established until the first half of the 17th century. 4. First, they have a sophisticated flowing line not unlike that of modern bentwood and tubular-steel furniture. 5. For unknown reasons Iraq chose not to unleash its chemical weapons arsenal in the Persian Gulf War of 1991. 6. It was not until the 12th century, however, that canals similar to those used today were built in western Europe. 7. Indeed, the problem of determining longitude at sea was not solved until the mid-18th century. 8. These programs continue, with emphasis now on breeding new crop varieties that need little fertilizer or irrigation. 9. Most physicians will not make the diagnosis of hypertension unless the pressure is high on at least three separate occasions. 10. Not until the late 18th century did ancient Greek and Roman architecture cease to be regarded as an unassailable criterion of excellence throughout the Western world. 11. In this regard Venezuela reigns supreme because of its petroleum deposits. Ecuador, Argentina, Peru, and Bolivia have more modest- but not unimportant- oil resources. 12. Tsunamis travel at speeds up to 800 km/h (500 mph), however, and grow higher as they near land; tsunamis 18 to 30 m (60-100 ft) high are not uncommon. 13. Not until the 18th century did scientists begin to appreciate the complex chemistry of metallurgy. 14. Color has so many meanings for different observers that a strict definition is difficult, if not impossible. 15. But not until 1939, when an entirely new phenomenon was discovered by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, did a net gain of energy appear possible. 16. Pigs may be fattened in buildings that each house 1,000 animals; and cattle feedlots containing up to 100,000 animals are not uncommon. 17. The hydrofoil has been under development since the early 20th century, but it was not until 1956 that the first hydrofoil went into operation between Sicily and Italy. 18. Rainfall in such regions is also highly uncertain and serious periodic droughts are not uncommon. 19. Filially, the capital investment required to find and develop ore deposits and bring them into profitable production must be undertaken over a time period longer than that needed for agricultural or other industrial enterprises; 3 to 7 years is not unusual. 20. Thus, they created in effect a world full of complex and subtle cross-references- not unlike this encyclopedia- and readily accessible to everyday participants in popular culture, 21. Early instruments- crude but not unsophisticated by modern standards- enabled the land surveyor to measure the angles and distances used to create the network of measurements. 22. This potential will not materialize, however, unless such economically impoverished but resource-rich countries as Zaire, China, and Nepal attract investment capital and create markets for hydroelectricity. 23. Negotiations for a new treaty began in the 1950s but were not completed until 1977, when Panamanian voters approved two accords. 24. The exact type of infection was not officially disclosed, but the widespread opinion is that it was prostatitis. 25. The matter was not considered settled until 18 years later, when John Robinson of Scotland made more direct measurements of the electrical force involved.