
- •Рецензент т.А. Третьякова, доц., канд. Пед. Наук Відповідальний за випуск т.А.Третьякова, доц., канд. Пед. Наук
- •Gardening
- •Introduction
- •Vocabulary
- •4. Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to the Participles:
- •1. Read the text again and answer the questions:
- •2. Make a summary of the text making use of the following prompts:
- •6. Fill in the blanks with suitable words from the active vocabulary:
- •7. Study the material in the box and translate the sentences paying attention to the function of the italicized words:
- •2. Explain the meaning of the words annuals, biennials and perennials.
- •3. Name the types of gardens mentioned in the text. Speak on each type.
- •4. Make a summary of the text using of the following prompts:
- •Vocabulary
- •7. Say which word or a group of words in the following statements are wrong:
- •1. Find in the text verbs in the Passive Voice. Translate them into Ukrainian.
- •2. Determine the tense of the predicates and translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •1. Read the text again and answer the following questions:
- •2. Make a summary of the text. Use the questions above as a plan.
- •Vocabulary
- •6. Match the words that go together:
- •7. Which word or word combination in each line is odd?
- •1. Read the text again and answer the following questions:
- •2. Summarise the text in your own language.
- •3. Comment on the proverb: As you sow you shall mow.
- •4. Find the odd word out:
- •5. Match the words that go together:
- •1. Tell your group-mates what a good gardener should know about watering. Use the following phrases as prompts:
- •5. Translate the following words with the help of a dictionary:
- •6. Translate the sentences paying attention to the meaning of the italicised words:
- •1. Find in the text sentences containing the Gerund. Translate them into Ukrainian.
- •2. Translate the sentences paying attention to the use of Gerund after prepositions:
- •1. Read the text again and answer the following questions:
- •2. Summarize the text first in your own language, then – in English.
- •1. Using your dictionary give more examples of plants that
- •2. Explain what “deadheading” is. What is this technique used for?
- •3. Explain why gardeners prune shrubs and trees.
- •1. In the text the Infinitive of Purpose is used five times. Find it and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •1. Make a summary of the text.
- •Botanical garden
- •Lanscape architecture
- •Introduction
- •5. Complete the following sentences with one word from the text:
- •I. Give the definition of Landscape Architecture.
- •2. Write 7-10 questions to the text. Retell the text using your questions as a plan.
- •Vocabulary
- •5. Find which word does not go with the group:
- •6. Fill in synonyms:
- •7. Complete the following sentences:
- •I. Imagine that you are a landscape architect. Make a list of factors you need to take into consideration to carry out a project.
- •4. Complete the following sentences:
- •1. Read the text again and answer the following questions:
- •Vocabulary
- •4. The word well is used in the text in two different meanings. Translate the word into Ukrainian.
- •1. Translate the following sentences, which contain relative clauses. Remember that which can be used to refer either to the thing being spoken about or to the whole previous sentence or idea.
- •5. In the text the italicised sentences are relative clauses; translate them into Ukrainian.
- •1. Read the text again and answer the following questions:
- •4.Complete the following sentences:
- •Introduction
- •Vocabulary
- •4. Fill in the synonyms:
- •5. Use the following verbs to speak about
- •1. Read the text again and answer the following questions:
- •1. Make a summary of the text.
- •Vocabulary
- •Greenhouse
- •Vocabulary
- •Plant breeding
- •Introduction
- •Forestry
- •Introduction
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Poisonous plants
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Answer the following questions:
- •Diseases of plants
- •Introduction
- •Vocabulary
- •Viral infections
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Work in groups. Choose one plant disease and tell your classmates about it.
- •1. Before you read
- •2. Read the article carefully and say if there are answers to your questions in it. Nipping common gardening mistakes in the bud
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •3. Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •4. In the article find the words which mean the following. An example is given.
- •5. Explain the meaning of the following word combinations. An example is given.
- •6. Complete the following sentences:
- •7. Here are the answers to some questions about common gardening mistakes and the ways to avoid them.
- •8. Imagine you are an expert in horticulture. Give advice to a beginner on the following:
- •1. Before you read
- •2. Read the text to find out if you were right. Bonsai
- •Vocabulary
- •3. Find the stem in the following words; point out prefixes and suffixes. Translate the words into Ukrainian.
- •4. Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following word combinations:
- •5. Choose suitable headings for the seven sections of the text from this list. There is one heading you do not need to use. Write the section numbers in the spaces.
- •6. Fill in the prepositions:
- •7. Read the following text . Fill in each gap with one suitable word from the list:
- •8. Reread both texts about bonsai and answer the following questions:
- •1. Before you read
- •2. Read the article and say which words from exercise 1 are in each text. What are the bad effects of each plant? What are the good effects? three plants that changed the world tobacco
- •3. In the text find as many passive constructions as you can. Translate them into Ukrainian.
- •4. Answer the questions.
- •5. What do you think?
- •Plant life
- •Vocabulary
- •Sunflower
- •Vocabulary
- •Radiant charm of the ginkgo
- •Vocabulary
Vocabulary
greenhouse – теплиця, оранжерея
tender – тендітний, уразливий
suit – відповідати, підходити
diverse – різноманітний
orchid – орхідея
cactus ( мн. cacti) – кактус
frequently – часто
lean – нахиляти, спирати, спиратися
pane – панель
sloping – похилий
conventional – звичайний, стандартний
sufficient – достатній
supplement – додавати, поповнювати
spur – спонукати, стимулювати
whitewash – білити, вапнувати
reduce – скорочувати, зменшувати
derive - одержувати, здобувати
steam – пара
Vocabulary exercises
1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:
plastic, suit, requirements, diverse, orchids, cacti, tomatoes, frequently, conventional, commercial, sufficient, artificial, spur, whitewashed, primarily, required
2. Find the stem in the following words; point out prefixes and suffixes. Translate the words into Ukrainian.
protection, requirements, frequently, existing, sloping, supporting, commercial, supplemental, ventilator, humidity, primarily, watering
Speech exercises
1. Describe a conventional greenhouse
Plant breeding
Introduction
Plant breeding is practical application of genetic principles to the development of improved strains of agricultural and horticultural crops. Plant breeders can adapt old crops to new areas and uses; increase yields; improve resistance to disease; enhance the nutritional quality and flavor of fruits and vegetables; and develop traits that are useful for storage, shipping, and processing of foods. Improved wheat and rice varieties sparked the green revolution in the developing world during the 1960s and '70s. In ornamental plants, breeders have developed larger and showier flowers, greater plant vigor, and myriad types, shapes, and colors.
Vocabulary
strain – риса; рід
yield – виробіток, вихід продукції
trait – характерна риса, особливість
processing – переробляння продуктів
vigor – сила, енергія
Vocabulary and speech exercises
1. In the text find the words which are derivatives of the following:
ornament, breed (2 words), great, horticulture, apply, use, genetics, ship, nutrition, develop (3 words), improve, store, agriculture, process, revolve, large, show.
Translate the words into Ukrainian.
2. Give the definition of plant breeding.
3. Answer the questions:
I. What benefits can plant breeding bring?
2. What plants sparked ‘the green revolution’ during the 1960s and ‘70s?
3. What strains of ornamental plants have been developed
HISTORY
Stone Age farmers improved crops through selection, choosing at each harvest the largest seeds from the best plants for sowing the following year. In so doing, over thousands of years, they converted favored wild grass and legume species into such crops as corn, wheat, and soya beans. In the 18th and 19th centuries farmers attempted to speed up crop improvement. Some advances were made, partly through selection and partly through trial and error, such as in the procedures used by the American horticulturist Luther Burbank. Through the work of Gregor Mendel, Hugo Marie de Vries, and others, the development of the science of genetics at the beginning of the 20th century established a firm scientific base for plant breeding. Since that time it has continued to develop in both sophistication and accomplishments, enabling professional plant breeders to achieve predictable results and uniform quality.
Plant breeders use numerous methods to develop new varieties, but their primary techniques of development are selection, hybridization, and the use of mutations.
Vocabulary
legume – стручкова рослина
soya bean - соя
establish – встановлювати, створювати, засновувати
sophistication – вишуканість, витонченість, удосконалювання
Vocabulary and speech exercises
1. In the text find the words which are the derivatives of the following:
part, predict, try, horticulture, farm, profession, select, form, America, science, hybrid, accomplish, improve, able, err, mutate.
Translate the words into Ukrainian.
2. Answer the followind questions:
I. What was the first known method of improving crops?
2. How did breeders attempt to speed up crop improvement in the 18th and 19th centuries?
3. What outstanding plant breeders are mentioned in the article? Do you know more? Name them.
4. What are primary techniques of plant breeding nowadays?
SELECTION
Individuals within a species vary widely in a number of characteristics. Many of these traits are heritable and can be passed on to their progeny. In practicing selection, plant breeders choose plants with desirable traits for further propagation and discard plants that are inferior for that trait. By doing so, plant breeders can select and reselect for the trait through successive generations, shifting the population in the desired direction.
Vocabulary
progeny – нащадок, потомство
propagation – розмноження, розведення, відтворення
discard – позбуватися
inferior – гірший (за якістю)
successive – наступний
Vocabulary and speech exercises
1. In the text find the words which are the derivatives of the following:
wide, inherit, propagate, select, success, generate, populate, direct.
Translate the words into Ukrainian.
2 . Explain how selection works.
HYBRIDIZATION
Hybridization involves crossing plants of different strains or types to join in the progeny the desirable traits of both parents. Undesirable traits also enter the combination, however, so hybridization is usually followed by several generations of selection. This allows breeders to discard undesirable plants, choosing for further propagation only those plants with the desired combination of traits.
Backcrossing is a common variation on hybridization. This technique is often used to transfer into a desirable variety a beneficial trait from an otherwise undesirable parent. First the hybrid between the two parents is made; then the hybrid is crossed with the desirable parent. The progeny from this backcrossing normally segregate widely, with individual plants showing a mixture of the characteristics of both parents. By continued backcrossing and selection the plant breeder concentrates the qualities desired, and, if all goes well, in six or seven generations the variety once again breeds true but now exhibits its new trait. Backcrossing is valuable for adding single gene characteristics to crop plants, particularly for resistance to specific insects and diseases.
When desirable characteristics are fully developed in a hybrid plant, and the plant can be propagated asexually by budding, grafting, or cloning, then no further selection is necessary. A hybrid apple, for example, is propagated by grafting, so all resultant plants are identical.
Hybrids are often more vigorous than either parent. This phenomenon is called hybrid vigor and has been widely used by plant breeders to increase crop yields. Hybrid seeds have helped to double U.S. corn yields since the 1940s, and almost all the corn now grown in the United States and Europe is started annually from hybrid seed. Hybrid breeding has expanded in recent years, and hybrid varieties are now common in grain crops (corn, sorghum), vegetables (cabbage, tomatoes, squash), and many flower species.
Vocabulary
discard – відкидати
backcrossing – зворотнє схрещування
segregate – відокремлювати
budding – щеплення вічком
grafting – щеплення
vigorous – сильний, енергійний
expand – поширюватися, розширятися
squash – гарбуз; кабачок
sorghum – сорго
Vocabulary and speech exercises
1. In the text find the words which are the derivatives of the following:
hybrid, cross, differ, desire (3 words), combine, select, breed, vary (2 words), benefit, wide, value, sex, bud, graft, clone, identify, vigor.
Translate the words into Ukrainian.
2. Make a summary of the text in your own language.
MUTATION
Occasionally an individual plant shows an important change in one or more traits arising from a spontaneous mutation. Usually a change in a single gene is involved. Most mutations are deleterious, but occasionally one has a distinct advantage. The plant showing the mutation may be used directly as a variety, a common practice in apples and other fruits, or the new trait may be added to existing varieties through hybridization and backcrossing. Plant mutations caused by single-gene changes have found wide use in ornamentals, resulting in double-flowered forms, weeping stems, dwarfism or unusual growth habits, and a wide diversity of color variations. Mutations can be induced artificially by X- rays or ultraviolet light.
Doubling the number of chromosomes is another plant-breeding technique that has been useful in improving some flower and crop plants, sometimes producing forms with increased vigor and with larger leaves, flowers, and fruits. The chemical colchicine, an alkaloid extracted from the autumn crocus, is useful for this purpose.
Vocabulary
deleterious – шкідливий, небезпечний
ornamental – декоративна рослина
weeping – плакучий
diversity – різноманітність
induce – стимулювати, спонукати
Vocabulary and speech exercises
1. In the text find the words which are the derivatives of the following:
occasion, mutate, direct, dwarf, usual, diverse, artificial, use.
Translate the words into Ukrainian.
2. Answer the following questions:
1. Are all the mutations deleterious?
2. What kind of mutations can single-gene changes cause?
3. How do plant breeders induce mutations artificially?
4. What can doubling the number of chromosomes result in?
3. Summarise the text in four sentences.
NEW TECHNIQUES
Developments in plant tissue culture and genetic engineering are opening up new opportunities for plant breeders. In tissue culture, a single laboratory dish of plant cells can be the equivalent of a field with thousands of plants from which to select improved strains. As genetic engineering techniques are perfected, breeders may be able to transfer a gene for pest resistance to a crop plant directly from a wild relative or even from an unrelated species, thus reducing the need for pesticides over vast fields of crops. Such attempts were meeting with only quite limited success by the late 1980s, however, and genetic modification through somoclonal variation techniques may prove more immediately useful.
Vocabulary
tissue – тканина
opportunity – слушна нагода, сприятлива можливість
vast – великий, широкий, численний
Vocabulary and speech exercises
1. In the text find the words which are the derivatives of the following:
develop, resist, direct, relate (2 words), modify, immediate.
Translate the words into Ukrainian.
2. Answer the question:
I. What opens up new opportunities for plant breeders?