4.Complete the following sentences:

1. Landscape architecture of Romantic period had its emphasis on ... .

2. The shift began in ... .

3. A new romantic style imitated nature rather than ... it.

4. The effect of wilderness was achieved with ... .

5. The so-called English garden incorporated ... .

6. The most important example of Romantic style in the North America is ... .

7. The profession of landscape architecture was established largely throuth the success of Olmsted and Vaux who designed ...

20^TH CENTURY

Domestic architecture in the first half of the 20^th century attempted to achieve a closer integration of the house with its surroundings. In areas with mild climates, such as California, a garden might be continued within the house. The worldwide economic depression between the two world wars, however, forced a shift from domestic settings to large-scale public works, in which landscape architects and planners worked together on entire communities, regional areas, and vast state and national projects. The rising costs of labor and materials after World War II made careful planning imperative, especially in Europe and Asia, where entire cities had to be rebuilt within tightly restricted areas. In England, for example, the wholesale creation of new towns necessitated plans for the preservation of remaining open space, in which landscape architects played a significant role. In Canada and the U.S., landscape architects were far less constrained, although they shared the concerns of their European counterparts, such as the need for greenbelts around cities, for scenic preservation, and for low-cost maintenance. The proliferation of shopping malls, new suburbs, cultural centers, and new educational facilities has given landscape architects in the later decades of this century unparalleled opportunities to refine their art and to create new forms. They have become, in conjunction with their colleagues in architecture, engineering, planning, and public office, the shapers of both the future and the present physical environment.

Vocabulary

imperative – обов’язковий

preservation – збереження

significant – визначний, важливий

constrain - стримувати

counterpart - двійник

greenbelt - лісопарковий пояс

scenic - мальовничий

proliferation - поширення, розповсюдження

refine - удосконалити

conjunction –з’єднання, зв’язок

Vocabulary exercises

1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:

half, achieve, California, entire, World War II, imperative, Europe, Asia, tightly, wholesale, counterpart, scenic, maintenance, suburb, facilities, opportunities, environment

2. Find the stem in the following words; point out prefixes and suffixes. Translate the words into Ukrainian.

integration, economic, depression, planner, regional, national, careful, rebuilt, tightly, creation, preservation, significant, European, scenic, proliferation, educational, unparalleled, conjunction, engineering, shaper, environment

3. Form nouns meaning a profession or a doer with the help of the given suffixes. Translate them into Ukrainian:

-er: lecture, research, travel, do, read, learn, design, work, program

-or: act, operate, visit, investigate, direct, construct, create, invent, inspect

-ist: ecology, biology, economy, physics, therapy, final, parasitology, terror

-ian: mathematics, music, politics, physic

-ent: preside, correspond, assist

Speech exercises

1. Read the text again and answer the following question:

1. What new features appeared in landscape architecture in the 20^th century?

WEED