4. Find the odd word out:

windy / hot / dry / dense / sunny climate

moist / heat / still / cool air

mulch: сardboard / leaves / holes / grass clippings / bark chips

dry / firm / punched / sprinkled leaves

methods for watering plants: evaporation / sprinkling / drip irrigation

5. Match the words that go together:

garderners water for plants

covering the soil in the early morning

evaporation of water from the soil

tools with a protective layer

water is vital for watering the soil

Speech exercises

1. Tell your group-mates what a good gardener should know about watering. Use the following phrases as prompts:

Water is vital for plants because 1) ............................................................................................................................

2) ............................................................................................................................

3) ............................................................................................................................

How often plants need water depends on 1) ................................................................................................................

2) ................................................................................................................

3) ................................................................................................................

Plants can be watered at ...............................................................................................................................................

However, early morning is the best time for watering because ...................................................................................

The best method for watering plants is ........................................................................................................................

The tools for watering the soil include 1) ....................................................................................................................

2) ....................................................................................................................

3) ....................................................................................................................

Watering large, densely planted areas, requires a ........................................................................................................

Evaporation of water can be minimized by ..................................................................................................................

Materials that can be used as mulch include ................................................................................................................

CONTROLLING GARDEN PESTS

Three types of pests can plague gardens: weeds, insects, and diseases.

Weeds are undesirable because they compete with garden plants for light, water, and nutrients.

Insects damage plants by chewing leaves or other plant parts by sucking the liquid from the plant, or in some cases, by transmitting viruses. The number of damaging insects can be reduced by growing a variety of plants in the garden. Different plants attract different insects, including some that attack insect pests. Another method for preventing insect damage is to cover young plants with a cover, which is a very thin, white, gauzy blanket that keeps many insects away from the plants. Another preventive method is to grow plants bred for resistance to insect pests.

Some insects can be kept in check by introducing beneficial bacteria or insects to the garden. This method exploits the natural ecological relationships between garden pests and other organisms. Ladybugs, for instance, eat aphids, one of the more notorious garden insect pests, and certain types of bacteria kill insect larva. Another method to help control insects in vegetable and flower gardens is to rotate crops instead of growing the same type of plant in the same place every year. Many insects have a life cycle that depends on the presence of a certain type of plant. By removing the plant for at least two years, the life cycle can be interrupted, thus controlling the pest. Both organic and synthetic insect-killing materials, called insecticides, also are available to control insect pests.

Diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, or viruses also can damage plants. In most cases, once a plant has a disease it cannot be saved, though some fungal diseases can be controlled with a fungicide. The best approach to disease prevention is to provide plants with optimum soil, nutrients, light, and water so they can fight off disease, and to grow plants that have been bred for disease resistance or have natural resistance.

Vocabulary

pest – шкідник, неприємність

weed – бур’ян

damage - ушкоджувати

gauzy – тонкий, прозорий

resistance - опір

aphid – попелиця

larva – личинка

insecticide – інсектицид

fungus (мн. –fungi) – грибок

prevention – запобігання

1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:

plague, chewing, liquid, virus, gausy, beneficial, aphid, notorious, larva, insecticide, available, fungi, fungal, fungicide

2. Find the stem in the following words; point out prefixes and suffixes. Translate the words into Ukrainian:

undesirable, different, preventive, beneficial, natural, ecological, relationship, presence, organic, fungal, prevention

3. Form nouns from the given words with the help of suffix –ship. Translate them into Ukrainian.

friend, scholar, censor, leader, member, sponsor, comrade, relation

4. Fill in the synonyms:

to control, to damage, to compete, insecticides, to resist a disease, a cover

insect-killing materials ............... to fight off a disease .........................

to keep in check .......................... a blanket ...........................................

to fight......................................... to plague ...........................................

ЗАПАМ’ЯТАЙТЕ! Ряд слів англійської та української мов повністю співпадають за значенням; наприклад, virus, cycle. Такі слова зазвичай полегшують переклад. Однак в англійській мові є немало слів, які, окрім значення, схожого зі значенням відповідного слова в українській мові, мають також інші значення, відсутні в українській мові. Наприклад, слово a record може перекладатися не тільки як рекорд, а також як репутація, літопис, протокол, грампластинка, характеристика та ін. Деякі англійські слова, хоч вони і співзвучні з відомими нам українськими словами, але мають значення, які відрізняються від значень схожих слів української мови. Наприклад, principal – головний, основний, а не принциповий, decade – десять років, а не десять днів та ін. Такі слова називаються фальшивими друзями перекладача. Для правильного перекладу таких слів потрібно перевірити їхнє значення за словником, а при наявності декількох значень – вибрати відповіднo до даного контексту.