1. V

   Dmitry, a college student

   “Well, we meet at the park to socialise. Sometimes people write their names on the walls and fences. It’s just something to do.

   That is all.”

   Nadezhda Nikolayevna, a pensioner

   “You see children coming out of the shops eating a chocolate bar and just dropping the wrapper in the street. I know I’m only one person, but if we all play our part, there won’t be a litter problem.”

   Irina Olegovna, a street cleaner

   “It’s not Krasgorod people who drop litter. At the weekend the city is full of people from all over the place. They don’t have an interest in the city so they don’t care where they throw their litter.”

   Alexander Ivanovich, a militia officer

   “Illegal littering is a real problem in the city.

   The trouble is finding the culprits. We couldn’t possibly send militia officers all over the city and get them to lie in wait all night in the hope of catching people who drop litter. Most people behave well and don’t drop litter. It’s the same old problem of a few people spoiling things for the majority.”

   asili Ivanovich, a local artist 5

“We’ve had a project with one of the secondary schools. We produced organised graffiti — wall paintings which were planned and made by a group and which expressed a message or theme. In this project we covered dull grey walls and fences and the results were fantastic. 6

1. think the kids understood the difference between this kind of art form and scrawling your name on the wall.

2. Evgeny Vasilievich, owner of a kiosk

“There’s a waste bin just outside the kiosk, but some people still drop their wrappers in 7

the street. I think they ought to design new bins, though. Some of the ones we have in the city are completely the wrong shape and size.

Besides they are placed inconveniently.”

3. Pyotr Ivanovich, city mayor

“It’s not a question of having more people to 8

clean the area, but of making sure the people who do the cleaning now do their job well.”

4. Alisa, a school student

“As usual we are said to be culprits (виновники) for everything, I don’t think we drop any more litter than anyone else.

It’s not just children who drop litter. I’ve seen all age groups drop litter, but it’s convenient to blame us.”

A Cleaners must work better.	3
В Everybody should be responsible for keeping their area clean.
С If the waste bins were better placed and designed, it could help to solve the litter problem.
D People scrawl their names on walls because there is nothing else to do.
E The police cannot solve the problem of dropping litter.
F Schoolchildren can be involved in making their city more beautiful.
G Teenagers do not drop more litter than grown-ups.
H Visitors are the main culprits for dropping litter.

Exam practice 1 (Units 1-2)

Choose one of the four answers to fill in the gaps.

T

he environment is a very important thing (1) humans. So you see,

if people don’t stop (2) , soon there will be no clean water to drink,

no plants and no animals. In order to stop this, people should do the following

things. First I suggest (3) trash bins in cars. Almost every day on my

way to and from school, I see people (4) trash out of their car windows.

Putting (5) on the street as well would encourage the people on the

street not to throw things on the ground. Having (6) against dropping

litter would stop people from dropping litter because they would have to pay.

However, there are other kinds of pollution (7) dropping litter. Serious

pollution is (8) chemicals and waste made by factories, farms, motorcars

and even houses. This pollution can be so harmful, that it can (9) the land,

water, and air. Polluted air and water (10) people’s health.

The lead (свинец) in petrol comes out in (11) and can cause brain

disorders. Some gases that (12) air can dissolve in water and in the

atmosphere. (13) pollution later falls to the Earth as acid rain. Acid rain

(14) affect trees and other plants and kill the fish and water animals living

in lakes and rivers. I suggest starting a programme to stop industries from using poisonous (15)

1	A	in	В
2	A	polluting	В
3	A	to be put	В
4	A	throwing	В
5	A	waste paper baskets	В
6	A	a price	В
7	A	too	В
8	A	caused by	В
9	A	affect	В
10	A	threat	В
11	A	cars fumes	В
12	A	litter	В
13	A	the	В
14	A	must have	В
15	A	chemicals	В

В litter bins

С	to	D	of
С	polluted	D	be polluted
С	to put	D	putting
С	pouring	D	littering
С	garbage cans	D	waste pipes
С	a fine	D	money
С	also	D	besides
С	because	D	reasoned by
С	cause	D	harm
с	litter	D	damage
с	cars’ fumes	D	car fume
с	pollute	D	release
с	a	D	an
с	must	D	can
с	garbage	D	rubbish

Learning to learn

L

UNIT

essons 1-2 What do we learn for?