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Pharmacognosy

Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources. The American Society of Pharmacognosy defines pharmacognosy as "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources."

The word "pharmacognosy" is derived from the Greek words pharmakon (drug), and gnosis "knowledge". The term pharmacognosy was used for the first time by the Austrian physician Schmidt in 1811. Originally - during the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century - "pharmacognosy" was used to define the branch of medicine or commodity sciences which deals with drugs in their crude, or unprepared, form. Crude drugs are the dried, unprepared material of plant, animal or mineral origin, used for medicine. The study of these materials under the name pharmakognosie was first developed in German-speaking areas of Europe, while other language areas often used the older term materia medica taken from the works of Galen and Dioscorides. Although most pharmacognostic studies focus on plants and medicines derived from plants, other types of organisms are also regarded as pharmacognostically interesting, in particular, various types of microbes (bacteria, fungi, etc.), and, recently, various marine organisms.

Pharmacognosy is interdisciplinary, drawing on a broad spectrum of biological and socio-scientific subjects, including botany, ethnobotany, medical anthropology, marine biology, microbiology, herbal medicine, chemistry ,biotechnology, phytochemistry), pharmacology, pharmaceutics, clinical pharmacy and pharmacy practice.

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3. Протранскрибируйте и проанализируйте структуру следующих терминов:

рharmaceutical, pharmaceutics, pharmaceutist, pharmacist, pharmacodiagnosis, pharmacodynamics, pharmacogenetics, pharmacognosy, pharmacokinetics, pharmacologist, pharmacology, pharmacomania, pharmacophobia, pharmacy, pharmacopeia.

4. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык:

1. Medicines, when used appropriately, are one of the most cost-effective health care interventions. 2. New drug products should only enter the market if they meet the criteria of efficacy, safety and quality. 3. Drug use can result in better health outcome only when patients are truly involved in and well informed about their condition and the goals of drug treatment. 4. In some countries, drugs are imported and sold without the necessary professional control and guidance. 5. Chemist’s is a retail shop where drugs and other articles are sold. 6. One must always follow the course of treatment prescribed by the doctor. 7. One of the most useful functions of the prescription is that it means the same thing to the man who writes it and the man who dispenses it.

4. Переведите следующие предложения, содержащие неличные формы глагола: инфинитив, герундий, причастие настоящего времени и причастие прошедшего времени:

1. It is important to begin treatment of the early stage of the disease. 2. The pharmacokinetics of a drug are calculated from blood, plasma and oral drug administration. 3. Substances composed of two or more elements are called compounds. 4. In order to provide quality of health care, it is imperative that no funds are wasted on drugs of doubtful effectiveness. 5. They succeeded in obtaining reliable results in surgery. 6. Many unexpected adverse reactions occurring in a small percentage of persons exposed to a drug can be explained as a genetically determined abnormal reactivity to a drug. 7. The data obtained help to designate optimum routes, dosages, and timing of drug administration. 8. The true impact of drug treatment on health outcome can only be assessed after several years.

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