- •The object and aims of Stylistics.
- •2. The Norm of Language
- •3. Functional Style. Register.
- •4. Classifications of Functional Styles.
- •5. Scientific Style. Its Criteria and Linguistic peculiarities.
- •6. Lexical Peculiarities of the scientific style.
- •7. Structural Peculiarities of the Scientific Style.
- •8. The Style of official documents. Its Criteria and Linguistic peculiarities.
- •9. Newspaper Style. Its Criteria and Linguistic peculiarities.
- •10. Lexical Peculiarities of the newspaper style.
- •11. Structural Peculiarities of the Newspaper style.
- •12. Publicistic Style. Its Criteria and Linguistic peculiarities.
- •13. Lexical Peculiarities of the Publicistic Style.
- •14. Structural Peculiarities of the Publicistic Style.
- •15. Literary-Colloquial style. / Received standard. Its Criteria and Linguistic peculiarities.
- •16. Lexical Peculiarities of the Literary-Colloquial style.
- •17. Structural Peculiarities of the Literary-Colloquial style.
- •18. Familiar Colloquial Style. Its Criteria and Linguistic peculiarities.
- •19. Low Colloquial Speech. Its Criteria and Linguistic peculiarities.
- •20. Stylistic Differentiation of Vocabulary.
- •21. Formal English Vocabulary and its Stylistic Functions.
- •22. Informal English Vocabulary and its Stylistic Functions.
- •5) Vulgar words or vulgarisms:
- •6) Colloquial coinages (words and meanings)
- •25. Familiar Words, Professionalisms and their Stylistic Functions. Coinages.
- •5) Vulgar words or vulgarisms:
- •6) Colloquial coinages (words and meanings)
- •27. Terms and their Stylistic Function. Neologisms.
- •28. Barbarisms and Foreign Words and their Stylistic Functions.
- •29. Poetic, Highly Literary Words, Archaisms.
- •30. Neutral Words.
- •23. Common Literary Words and their Stylistic Functions. Literary Coinages.
- •31. Stylistic Colouring
- •32. Word and its Meaning. Denotation & Connotation.
- •33, 34. Context. Stylistic Context.
- •35. Stylistic Function.
- •36. Principles of Foregrounding.
- •37. Language and Speech Functions
- •38. Stylistic Differentiation of Phraseological Units. Stylistic Functioning of Phraseological Units.
- •39. Phonetic Expressive Means & Stylistic Devices.
- •40. Graphic Expressive Means.
- •41. Expressive Means & Stylistic Devices. Tropes. Figures of Speech.
- •42. Metaphoric Group of sDs. Metaphor. Simile. Personification.
- •43. Stylistic Devices Based on the Relations of Inequality: Climax, Anticlimax, Hyperbole, Litotes.
- •44. Metonymic Group of sd: Metonymy, Synecdoche.
- •45. Mixed group of sd: Allegory, antonomasia.
- •46. Stylistic devices based on the relations of identity:
- •47. Oxymoron, Antithesis, Irony
- •48. Inversion, Detachment, Parenthesis.
- •49.Expressive Means Based on the Absence of the Logically Required Components: Ellipsis, Break-in-the-Narrative, Nominative Sentences, Apokoinu Constructions.
- •50. Expressive Means Based on the Redundancy of the Components: Repetition, Framing, Anadiplosis, Syntactic Tautology. Thematic Net. Repetition: Variety and Functions.
- •51. Expressive Means Based on the Transferred Use of Structural Meaning: Rhetoric Question, Emphatic Negation, Reported Speech.
- •52. Expressive Means Based on the Juxtaposition of Different Parts of the Utterance: Parallelism, Chiasmus, Anaphora, Epiphora.
- •53. Expressive Means Based on the Way the Parts are connected: Asyndeton, Polysyndeton, the Gap, Sentence Link.
37. Language and Speech Functions
The information of one and the same fact of reality may acquire different forms, depending on, for example, whether the information is done in an official, businesslike or everyday situation; on what the emotional attitude of the speaker towards an object of speech is and on how he appreciates the situation.
Information may be represented in two types: denotative and connotative. Denotation is connected with intellectual and communicative function of the language. Connotation, i.e. additional information, is connected with all the rest functions:
1. An emotive function, i.e. with the presentation and expression of the speaker’s feelings.
2. A voluntative function ( it is also called pragmatic ), i.e. compelling the addressee to act.
3. An appealing function, i.e. compelling the listener to receive information.
4. A contact establishing function – in situations when the utterance is pronounced only for the purpose of showing attention to the presence of another person (e.g. in formulas of politeness )
5. An aesthetic function, i.e. influencing aesthetic feelings.
Arnold: Language functions: 1) Referential – what is being spoken of, what is being referred to. A context is necessary from which the object of communication is drawn. 2) Poetic – is allocated to the message. Messages convey more than just the content. Rhetorical figures, pitch or loudness are some aspects of the poetic function. 3) Emotive – focuses on the addresser. The addresser’s own attitude towards the content of the message is emphasized. Examples are emphatic speech or interjections. 4) Conative – is allocated to the addressee. It refers to those aspects of language which aim to create a certain response in the addressee. 5) Phatic – helps to establish contact and refers to the channel of communication. Some of these utterances only serve to maintain contact between two speakers. 6) Metalingual – deals with the code itself. This is the function of language about language. This is the case for example when the meeting of two dialogue partners results in a contrast between vulgar language and a more differentiated mode of expression. This function also dominates in word- or language plays like puns as these are making use of the witty and satirical possibilities of language. The information related to language may be of two types: 1) extralinguistic information (of the first type) that contains the subject of communication and is not connected with the communication environment. – 1st function of lang. 2) additional inf. (of the second type) that deals with the act of communication and its participants, their emotions and relations between themselves – all the rest functions. If we consider the types of information at the level of words we can see that words have: 1)denotational meaning (1st function) 2) connotational m-g (that has emotive, evaluative, expressive, collocative components) (all the rest) (см. № 32) Galperin:-.