21. Opc and its syntactic features

The OPC consists of 2 elements.

The nominal element denotes the agent of the action expressed by the participle or participial phrase; it is not the subject of the sentence. (a noun in the common case, a personal pronoun in the objective case, some other pronoun)

The verbal element describes the action or state of the nominal element. It can be expressed by either non-perfect participle I or participle II

The elements of the construction are in secondary subject-predicate relation. Functionally, the elements form a syntactic complex – a complex object.

Rendered into Russian either by a clause or an infinitive.

OPC are found after verbs of

*sense perception

*wish and preference

*causative meaning (have, get, keep, leave, start, set)

The construction with participle II after have and get can also show that the subject of the sentence

1)requested the action expressed by the participle

2)experienced the action expressed by the participle.

*mental activity (believe, consider, understand) (only participle II is used)

Participle – when the process

Infinitive – the state of the action being complete

22. SIP

The SIP is a construction in which the verbal element is in predicate relation to the nominal element (a noun in the common case, a pronoun in the nominative case, some other pronoun).

The nominal element of the construction is the agent of 2 actions – that of the predicate and that of the infinitive. Any form can be found with passive voice forms of certain groups of verbs of:

*sense perception

*mental activity

*saying

*the verb make

+after some intransitive verbs in the active voice (seem-appear(казаться), chance-happen(случаться), prove-turn out(оказаться)).

Used with the phrases: be (un)likely, be sure, be certain, be definite.

23.APC

Nominative APC consists of 2 elements. The nominal element denotes the agent of the action expressed by participle, it is not the subject of the sentence (a noun in the common case, a pronoun in the nominative case, some other pronoun, the adverb there). The verbal element describes the action or state of the nominal element. The elements of the construction are in secondary subject-predicate relation. Any participle can be used.

Functionally, the elements of the construction form a syntactic complex. The NAPC can be used as a complex adverbial of

*time(when?) *reason(why?) *attendant circumstances/manner(in which manner?how?) *condition(on what condition?)

The construction is separated by the comma/commas or a semicolon. Is typical of literary or scientific style.

Prepositional APC is introduced by the preposition with.

The nominal element of the construction (a noun in the common case, a personal pronoun in the objective case, some other pronoun) denotes the agent of the action expressed by the verbal element.

The verbal element of the construction describes the action or a state of the nominal element. Any participle can be used within the construction.

The elements of the construction form a syntactic complex. The construction can function as a complex adverbial of manner, attendant circumstances, reason or time. Its interpretation depends on the text.

24. The Gerund and the Infinitive

Gerunds and infinitives reveal a lot of similarities as they share some nominal and verbal features. The nominal nature is more noticeable in gerunds, while infinitives have essential verbal characteristics.

Unlike infinitives, gerunds can be

1)preceded by prepositions when used as (a) prepositional objects, (b) predicatives, (c) attributes and (d) adverbial modifiers.

2)modified by possessive pronouns or nouns in the possessive case.

Certain verbs, predicative word groups and expressions can be followed by gerunds and never by infinitives. On the other hand, there are verbs, predicative word groups and expressions that take only infinitives.

Infinitives follow: afford,ask,care,choose,dare,decide,expect,fail,hesitate, manage, refuse; be delighted, be surprised; can afford, would love, would hate.

Gerunds follow: adore,consider,enjoy,finish,imagine,miss,recall,risk etc; accuse of, decide on/against,look like; succeed in; be aware of, be good at, proud of; cannot help/stand.

There are verbs, predicative verb groups and expressions that can be followed either by infinitives or gerund without significant difference in meaning. But! Gerunds are more general in meaning, they often express habitual activities. Infinitives are more specific, bound to paaticular actions or occasions.

In the same way, the verbs learn, teach are followed by gerunds when the speaker refers to general activities, talking about getting a particular skill or result of the study, we use infinitives.

Some verbs, predicative verb groups, phrasal verbs nd expressions convey different meanings depending on the non-finite form that follows them.

GO ON+gerund(to continue without stopping)

GO ON+infinitive(a change of activity)

TRY+gerund(make an experiment)

TRY+infinitive(make an effort that failed)

MEAN+gerund(involve)

MEAN+infinitive(intend)

STOP+gerund(to not longer continue to do smth)

STOP+infinitive(to end an activity for a short time)

BE USED TO+gerund(привыкать, приучаться чему-либо)

USED+infinitive(имел привычку/обыкновение, делал раньше)

Gerunds after REMEMBER,FORGET,REGRET,BE SORRY describe actions that precede the action of the finite verbs.

After DESERVE,NEED,REQUIRE,WANT active gerunds or passive infinitives are used when the subjectct experiences the action. When the subject performs an action, we use active infinitives.

Gerunds after ADVISE,ALLOW,PERMIT,FORBID,RECOMMEND,ENCOURAGE in the active voice are used if there are no other objects. Infinitives are used when there are 2 objects or after the passive voice forms of these verbs.

Глаголы, после которых возможны и герундий, и инфинитив (without important difference in meaning):

*be afraid (of) (gerund is preferable)

*begin,continue,start (inf: when the state rather than action; when the agent is a lifeless thing;after continuous forms of the verbs)

*be interested(inf is used to talk about reactions to things one learn; inf/gerund – a wish to find something)

*like/dislike+gerund – to talk about injoinment

like/dislike+inf – choices or habits.

*prefer+ gerunds (can be introduced by to/rather than)

prefer + inf (only rather than)

!!!WOULD RATHER, WOULD PREFER, WOULD LIKE are always followed by infinitives.

*rely on, count on, listen to + 1)OIC, 2)gerunds, 3)predicative constructions with the gerunds.