The p as part of a compound verbal predicate

Some scholars believe that non-perfect P1 or P2 (rarely) can act as part of a compound verbal predicate of double orientation. Others suppose that it is used within a subjective participial construction that acts as a complex subject.

10. Speak on the gerund as a part of a predicate The gerund as a predicate. The notional part of a compound nominal predicate – the predicative – can be expressed by any form of the gerund. The link verb BE is used as the structural part of the predicate. What I hate is being told what to do. Gerund predicatives can be introduced by prepositions: like, by, in for Swimming is like flying in the sea. simple His favourite pastime is cooking. phrasal The only remedy for such a headache is going to bed early. complex The main problem is your staying out late. The gerund as a part of a compound verbal modal predicate Non-prefect gerunds, active and passive, for a CVMP with the modal expression can not help. The audience couldn’t help laughing. The gerund as a part of a compound verbal aspect predicate Non-prefect gerunds form CVAP with verbs denoting various stages of process: - its beginning – begin, burst out, commence, start - its continuation – carry on, continue, keep, go on with - its ending – cease, give up, finish, leave off, quit, stop, discontinue

11. Speak on the inf as an object Any form of the inf can be used as an object. The inf objects are found after several patterns: p1. monotransitive verbs/set phrase + inf monotransitive verbs – agree, aim, arrange The set phrases that take inf objects are: take care, take the trouble, can afford, cannot bear Most monotransitive verbs and set phrases take a non-perfect inf object. However, some vebs may occur with perfect inf forms 1. perfect inf after the verbs claim, hate swear 2. after the past forms o fthe verbs attempt, expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, try express the action which were not fulfilled p2 ditransitive verb +n/pronoun +inf ditransitive – advise, bribe, command p3 predicative adj/participle +inf come after link verbs – be, seem, feel, get, turn, become Non-perfect inf can be used after: be afraid, be angry, be anxious Both perfect and non inf can be used after: be amused, be annoyed, ashamed p4 verb + IT + adj/noun +inf The inf can be preceded by the int IT used in combination with adj or nous. The verbs that take an inf object when it is preceded by an introductory IT are: believe, consider, feel, find, have, make, presume, reckon, think Inf objects can be: simple I promise to wait. phrasal I was alarmed to see him there as I did not know what to say. complex I saw him grasp her hand. 12. Speak on the gerund as an object Gerunds can be used as direct or prepositional objects. I remember staying with them. I was conscious of being watched. Direct objects follow: - monotransitive verbs (adore, appreciate, avoid) - the predicative word group be worth - expressions can bear, can stand - after be worth, deserve, need, require and want gerunds are active in form, but passive in meaning - gerund objects can be introduced by IT + adj. They found after verbs: believe, consider, find, hold, judge, presume, reckon, think Gerunds used as prepositional objects follow: - monotransitive verbs and phrasal vebs (agree to, approve of, boast of) - ditransitive verbs (accuse of, assist in, congratulate on) - predicative adjectives/ participle II (be accustomed to, be afraid of, be aware of) Any form of the gerund can be used in this function. Non-perfect gerunds can express actions that precede the actions of the finite verb after: -verbs of recollection: recall, recollect, remember and their opposites: forget, overlook, disregard - verbs of gratitude: appreciate, be glad about, be grateful about - verbs of blame and reproach: accuse, blame, be hold responsible for - verbs of punishment: discipline for, fine for, punish for - verbs of reward: admire, approve of, commend for/on Perfect gerunds emphasize the gap of time between the actions of the finite verb and the gerund. I bitterly regretted ever having mentioned it. Structurally, gerund objects can be: simple Did you talk about painting? phrasal Did you talk about painting a picture of my cousin? complex Did you talk about his painting a picture of my cousine?

13. Speak on the inf and the gerund as attributes. In used as attributes in English are postmodified, i.e. they follow the modified word a box to carry Inf attributes come after: 1.class or abstract nouns The idea to go on holiday appealed to me. 2. the noun-substitute ONE My brother is the only one to understand me. 3. pronouns – personal, indefinite, universal, negative and reflexive The Browns have only me to look after their children. 4. adverbs NOWHERE SOMWHERE I have nowhere to go. 5. ordinal numerals and the words the lest, the next followed by ind inf He loves parties: he is always the first to come and the last to leave. 6. expressions of quantity a great deal of, a good deal, enough, few, little (more), many, no more, (too) much, plenty followed by ind inf Any form of the inf can function as an attribute simple I have a lot to think about. phrasal I have a lot of books to read for the exam. complex I have a lot of books for my children and grandchildren to read. Gerund attributes can be placed before or after the modified nouns. When gerunds are used as postmodifiers, they are preceded by prepositions art, chance, custom, duty, effort, fear, feeling, gift, habit, hope, idea, importance, intention, manner, means, method, necessity, pleasure, point, possibility, problem, right, risk, sense, sign, sound, tragedy – OF apology, excuse, explanation, grounds, instruction, remedy, plan, preparation, reason, rules – FOR difficulty, experience, harm, interest, skill – IN astonishment, disappointment, surprise – AT precaution, warning – AGAINST confession, objection – TO She has a sense of having lost something important. Any form of the gerund can be used as a postmodifier. Non-perfect active gerunds can be used as premodifiers. They show a person’s occupation or what an object is intended for. a reading room=a room for reading simple I hate the sound of drilling. phrasal Humour is a way of saying something serious. complex Just think of the tragedy of our teaching children not to doubt.

14. Participles as Attributes

Non-perfect participles I and participles II can function as attributes. They are used to modify nouns or pronouns.

There are restrictions on the use of participles as attributes. We use attribute clauses beginning with WHO, WHICH or THAT

1. to describe the actions that come before the actions of the finite verb. (The mechanic who repaired the car/repairing the car)

2.to speak about repeated actions or habits (People who read newspapers always know the latest news/The gentlemen reading the newspaper is my uncle)

3.when the clause contains a verb that describes a mental state, emotions and attitudes – know, believe, like, hate and etc (People who know two languages are called bilingual).

The participle attribute can be placed either before or after the modified word. The former is called a premodifier; the latter is known as a postmodifier.

A PREMODIFIER can be expressed by:

*a single participle

*P II in a short participle phrase containing an adverb.

A POSTMODIFIER can be expressed by:

*a single participle

*a participle within a phrase.

A premodifier functions like an adjective describing a state, appearance or permanent occupation, a postmodifier stresses the action.

Attributes can change their meaning according to their position (a concerned expression – the people concerned, an adopted child – the solution adopted).

Unlike participle II of transitive verbs, Participle II of some intransitive verbs are active in meaning. They denote passing into a new state. As some verbs can be both transitively and intransitively, their Participles II can have both active and passive meanings: closed, diminished, hidden, returned, etc. Structurally, there are: -simple Participle attributes (expressed by single Ps), -phrasal Participle attributes (expressed by Participle phrases). Participles in combination with adjectives/adverbs or nouns can form compound modifiers that function as adjectives and can be used as attributes. /A+P: hard-earned success, angry-looking baby, top-ranking officer, never-biting dog; N+P: awe-inspiring dentist, life-giving treatment, nerve-racking film, etc.

15. Infinitive as an adverbial.

1.PURPOSE: are found either after the predicate or at the beginning of the sentence; may be introduced by conjunctions so as or in order (formal) – the conjunctions are common before stative verbs (know, be, have) and negative infinitives.

2.RESULT/CONSEQUENCE: follow the words they modify:

1)adjectives or adverbs modified by too

2)adjectives, adverbs or nouns modified by enough

When enough follows the modified word – quality; when precedes – quantity.

3)adjectives modified by so. Infinitives in this cases are introduced by as

3.COMPARISON: are introduced by as if, as though, than. The infinitives preceded by as if, as though have an additional meaning of purpose and manner. When such infinitives are introduced by than, the predicate groups include adjectives or adverbs in the comparative degree. After than the marker to is optional.

4.SUBSEQUENT EVENTS: follow the predicates of the sentences and denote actions that take place after the actions of the predicates. Such infinitives are sometimes introduced by the adverbs never, only, merely, simply. The conjunctions emphasise the idea of surprise and disappointment; they make the actions denoted by the infinitives look pointless or irrelevant. (He worked to become/ worked and became).

5.TIME: follow the predicates of the sentences. Their actions marked out the moment of time up to which the actions of the predicates are performed.

6.CONDITION: can be expressed by the verbs of sense perception (see, look, watch, hear, listen, feel, touch etc.) They can either follow or precede the predecates. The predicates of such sentences denote the consequences; they are commonly the verbs of mental activity (think, believe, consider, imagine etc.) The conditional meaning is often supported by the future tense form or the conditional mood form of the finite verb.

7.EXCEPTION: denote actions which are the only possible ones in the situation. They are introduced by but and except and found only in negative or interrogative sentences. The infinitives are used without their marker to.

INFINITIVE ADVERBIALS can be simple, phrasal, complex.

16. Ps as adverbials

Ps can be used as adverbials of time, reason, condition, concession, comparison, manner, attendant circumstances and subsequent events. (!) The action or state expressed by a P adverbial refers to the subject of the sentence.To make the meaning of the sentence clearer, we can use conjunctions: as if, as though, if, once, though, unless, until, when, while. 1. TIME: denote -actions or states that take place at the same time with the action of the finite verb. To stress the idea of simultaneity, the speaker may introduce participles by conj. when or while; -actions or states that precede the action of the finite verb. (!) After conjunctions Until and Once only participle 2 is used. Participle 1 of the verb ‘be’ – being – cannot be used as an adverbial of time. It expresses a reason. To denote the time of the action either a clause or an elliptical clause is used.

2. Any Participle can be used as an adverbial of reason. Participles may be placed before or after the predicate. P1 used as an adverbial of reason often combines with a negation.

3. Ps used as adv of condition may be introduced by if or unless. The predicates of such sentences are often used either in the future tens forms or in the conditional mood forms. Ps may be placed either before or after the predicates.

4. Ps used as adverbials of concession are introduced by though or although. Ps may be placed either before or after the predicates.

5. Ps used as adverbials of comparison are introduced by as if and as though.

6. Non-perfect active P1 can be used as an adverbial of manner characterizing the action or state of the predicate.

7.Non-perfect active P1 as an adverbial of attendant circumstances and the predicate of the sentence denote parallel actions. We can use conjunctions and or, seldom, but to paraphrase such sentences. The P is placed after the predicate.

8. Non-perfect active P1 used as an adverbial of subsequent events denotes an action that follows the action of the finite verb.

Difference between AoM, AC, SE: He walked limping /manner/; He walked whistling /AC; an action that happened when he walked/; He walked home, arriving by noon/one follows another/.

Structurally, a P adverbial can be (1)simple – expressed by a single P; (2)phrasal – expressed by a participle phrase; (3)complex – expressed by a participial construction.

17. Gerund as an adverbial

1.Attendant circumstances (besides, instead of, without) non-perfect gerunds

2.Manner (by, in, without) mainly non-perfect

3.Purpose (for) non-perfect

4.Condition (but for, in case of, without) any form

5.Reason (because of,for,for fear of,from,on account of,owing to,through) any form

6.Concession (despite, in spite of) any form

7.Time (in,at,before,after,on,upon,since)

The prepositions in and at show simultaneity, they are followed by non-perfect gerunds. The actions of non-perfect gerunds introduced by before followed the actions of the finite verbs.

The non-perfect gerund after the prepositions on/upon,after/since can express an action that precedes the action of the finite verb. The perfect gerund after these prepositions emphasises the gap of time between the action of the finite verb and the action of the gerund.

18. For-to-infinitive construction and its syntactic features

The for-to-infinitive construction consists of

*a nominal element expressed by

1)a noun in the common case

2)a personal pronoun in the objective case

3)some other pronoun

It is introduced by the preposition for.

*a verbal element – an infinitive or an infinitive phrase.

The elements of the construction are in secondary subject-predicate relation. The infinitive describes an action that is performed by the nominal element. The agent of the action expressed by the infinitive is different from the subject of the whole sentence.

!! He has brought a book to read/He has brought a book for you to read.

Rendered into Russian with the help of either an infinitive or a clause.

Functionally, the infinitive and its agent form a syntactic complex which can be used as

1)a complex subject

2)a complex predicative.

3)a complex part of a predicative.

4)a complex object

5)a complex attribute

6)a complex adverbial of

*purpose *result *comparison

Any form of the infinitive can be used within the constructions.

19.Predicative construction with the gerund and its syntactic features

The predicative construction with the gerund is a construction in which a gerund or a gerund phrase expresses the action or state of the nominal element. In other words, the gerund refers to a subject of its own. The subject of the gerund is different from the subject of the sentence. The elements of the construction are in secondary subject-predicate relation.

The nominal element of the construction can be expressed by

*a noun in the possessive case

*a noun or nouns in the common case (1 noun - when the agent is emphasised or when it denotes lifeless thing)

*a possessive pronoun or a personal pronoun in the objective case.

*some other pronoun: all/both/each(of), this, that, something, everybody etc.

Often rendered into Russian by nouns or subordinate clauses.

Any form can be used.

The elements of the construction form a syntactic complex that operates as one syntactic whole (complex subject, predicatives, objectes, attributes, adverbials(time, manner, purpose, condition, concession, reason)).

20.The OIC

Consists of

*a nominal element (1.a noun in the common case, 2.a pronoun in the objective case, 3.some other pronoun)

*a verbal element (infinitive or infinitive phrase)

These elements are in secondary subject-predicate relations. Functionally, the elements of the construction form a syntactic complex – a complex object.

We want to stay/We want you to stay

The OIC can be rendered into Russian by a subordinate clause, a simple sentence, a noun phrase.

The OIC is used after verbs of

*sense perception (after notice and see the verb be is not used)

*mental activity (any form of the verb)

*feeling and emotion

*wish and intention(desire, choose, mean, want) (any form)

*declaring (pronounce, declare, report) (any form)

*compulsion and order (cause, order, get, have, make) (have and make with bare infinitives)

(order and allow used if the object – noun/pronoun denoting lifeless thing or if the inf is passive)

*permission (allow, let) (let with bare inf)

*some verbs requiring a prepositional object (count on, listen to, rely on/upon)