3. American frontier in f.Cooper’s novels «The Pathfinder»

James Fenimor Cooper is the father of the historical novel in American lit-re. he is famous for his  Leatherstocking novels ( Романы О Кожаном Чулке):  The Pioneers, The Last of the Mohicans,  The Prairie,  The Pathfinder ,  The Deerslayer.

The main character of all these stories is a Leatherstocking given him by the Indians. His real name Natty Bumppo. He is a white man and hunter. He is a just and kind and those he was an ordinary man who little education, he knew much about forest life. He said that all men white,black,yellow,red were brothers . he was against civiliazation because he thought that its spoilt the nature and people. Natty preferred to live in the woods far from cities. The Indians were closer to him than the white civilized Americans. When he became old he joined one of Indian tribes and died there. In THE LEATHER-STOCKING TALES, Cooper became the first author to seriously portray American frontier scenes and characters. Frontier history tells the story of the creation and defense of communities, the use of the land, the development of markets, and the formation of states. It is a tale of conquest, but also one of survival, persistence, and the merging of peoples and cultures that gave birth and continuing life to America. Natty Bumppo embodies the spirit of the frontier. Over the years Natty Bumppo has been looked up to by many because of his bravery, honesty, and his will to help people in a time of need.

4. Тhe symbolism of the n. Hawthorn’s novel “The Scarlet Letter”

In Nathaniel Hawthorne's novel, The Scarlet Letter, the symbols play very important factors that are used throughout the story .The letter represents different things to each of the characters and the townspeople.

Hester PrynneShe is a heroine in The Scarlet Letter. The writer gives her much symbolic meaning by giving her this name. Hester sounds like Hestier, a beautiful goddess in Greek mythology. This gives people a sense that Hester is a passionate beautiful woman. In the novel, she is the symbol of the truth and the beauty. She is the one who dares to love, to pursue her love. Her own strong will helps her to come through all the difficulties.

Arthur DimmesdaleHe is one major character in this novel. He is a revered minister. From the name of Arthur Dimmesdale, people can get AD as the first letters. In this way, we can see clearly that AD is stands for Adultery .The writer tells us he is the partner of Hester obviously. The word Dimmesdale also has symbolic meanings. Dim means dark and weak, and dale means valley, so the dimdale here is actually a symbol of the "dim-interior" of the poor clergyman. He is the partner but her dares not admit the fact. He was hypocritical and coward.

Chillingworth He is another major character in this novel. He is an ugly man who gives his best years to knowledge caring nothing for Hester. Not having any common ideology with her. His name-chillingworth, is compound with chilling and worth. Chilling means cold, and indeed, he is cold in his mind. He shows no love to his wife, not to mention others. What is worth to him? Have finding out the Arthur Dimmesdale is the father of Pearl, he begins to avenge on the former. To him, avenge is the only thing which is to doing in the world.

PearlShe is an illegitimate child of Hester and Arthur, The writer describes Pearl as an effective and dynamic character; she is the living symbol of the scarlet letter, acting as a constant reminder of Hester’s sin. From her name “Pearl”, people can see that a pearl is a beautiful object found inside an ugly oyster. She is her mother’s treasure, the source of her survival. She is just like the sunshine to her mother. Without her, Hester would have died.

In the beginning of the story, Hester is publicly humiliated at the first scaffold scene because of her sin. She is forced to wear a scarlet A on her clothes. At this point in time, the letter A symbolizes adultery.. Everyone knows that she has committed adultery. Hawthorne chooses the color of Hester's clothes and the scarlet A very wisely. The dark and gloomy colors of Hester's clothes show the grief and the guilt that she goes through. The color of the scarlet letter is very important because the crimson color signifies the devil. Since Hawthorne selects the novel's setting during the time of Puritans, the color shows the mark of the devil. The scarlet letter also has a significant role not only on Hester but on Dimmesdale as well. In contrast, she dresses Pearl in bright colors, especially crimson, in defiance of the scarlet letter and as a symbol of the child's free spirit. Dimmesdale has sinned with Hester. Although Hester has to endure public humiliation, Dimmesdale has to live his life knowing that he has not admitted being with Hester. Dimmesdale goes through his pain physically. No one knows that he has sinned with Hester and that he is Pearl's father.  Hester Prynne alters its meaning through her hard work and charity. Some people begin to suggest that the A stands for "able," since Hester is such a capable woman. Others begin to recognize that the scarlet letter has begun to achieve holiness, righteousness.  Many years later, when Hester returns and voluntarily takes up the scarlet letter again, it has become, for her and others, a symbol of grace. 

5.American Enlightenment. Benjamin Franklin’s “Autobiography”.

The American Enlightenment is the intellectual thriving period in America in the mid-to-late 18th century (1715–1789), especially as it relates to American Revolution on the one hand and the European Enlightenment on the other. Influenced by the scientific revolution of the 17th century and the humanist period during the Renaissance, the Enlightenment took scientific reasoning and applied it to human nature, society, and religion. The most important leaders of the American Enlightenment include Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. Enlightened Founding Fathers, especially Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and George Washington, fought for and eventually attained religious freedom for minority denominations. According to the founding fathers, America should be a country where peoples of all faiths could live in peace and mutual benefit.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin is the traditional name for the unfinished record of his own life written by Benjamin Franklinfrom 1771 to 1790; however, Franklin himself appears to have called the work his Memoirs. Although it had a tortuous publication history after Franklin's death, this work has become one of the most famous and influential examples of an autobiography ever written.

Franklin's account of his life is divided into four parts, reflecting the different periods at which he wrote them. There are actual breaks in the narrative between the first three parts, but Part Three's narrative continues into Part Four without an authorial break (only an editorial one).

Part One of the Autobiography is addressed to Franklin's son William, at that time (1771) Royal Governor of New Jersey. Franklin, now 65 year old, begins by saying that it may be agreeable to his son to know some of the incidents of his father's life; The second part begins with two letters Franklin received in the early 1780s while in Paris, encouraging him to continue the Autobiography, of which both correspondents have read Part One. Beginning in August 1788 when Franklin had returned to Philadelphia, the author says he will not be able to utilize his papers as much as he had expected, since many were lost in the recent Revolutionary War.

6.American Enlightenment. The political pamphlet: Th. Paine.

The American Enlightenment is the intellectual thriving period in America in the mid-to-late 18th century (1715–1789), especially as it relates to American Revolution on the one hand and the European Enlightenment on the other. Influenced by the scientific revolution of the 17th century and the humanist period during the Renaissance, the Enlightenment took scientific reasoning and applied it to human nature, society, and religion. The most important leaders of the American Enlightenment include Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. Enlightened Founding Fathers, especially Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and George Washington, fought for and eventually attained religious freedom for minority denominations. According to the founding fathers, America should be a country where peoples of all faiths could live in peace and mutual benefit.

Рamphlet it is unbound printed publication with a paper cover or no cover. Among the first printed materials, pamphlets were widely used in England, France, and Germany from the early 16th century, often for religious or political propaganda; they sometimes rose to the level of literature or philosophical discourse. In North America, pre-Revolutionary War agitation stimulated extensive pamphleteering; foremost among the writers of political pamphlets was Thomas Paine. By the 20th century, the pamphlet was more often used for information than for controversy. Thomas Paine (January 29, 1737 ^[1] (NS February 9, 1737) – June 8, 1809) was an English-American author, pamphleteer, radical,inventor, intellectual, revolutionary, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.^[2] Born in Thetford, England, in the county of Norfolk, Paine immigrated to the British American colonies in 1774 in time to participate in the American Revolution. His principal contributions were the powerful, widely read pamphlet Common Sense(1776), the all-time best-selling American book that advocated colonial America's independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain, and The American Crisis (1776–83), a pro-revolutionary pamphlet series. Thomas Paine has a claim to the title The Father of the American Revolution because of Common Sense, the pro-independence monograph pamphlet he anonymously published on January 10, 1776; signed "Written by an Englishman", the pamphlet became an immediate success.^[18] It quickly spread among the literate, and, in three months, 100,000 copies (estimated 500,000 total including pirated editions sold during the course of the Revolution^[19]) sold throughout the American British colonies (with only two million free inhabitants), making it the best-selling American book.^[19][20] Paine's original title for the pamphlet was Plain Truth; Paine's friend, pro-independence advocate Benjamin Rush, suggested Common Sense instead. In late 1776 Paine published The American Crisis pamphlet series, to inspire the Americans in their battles against the British army. Paine returned to Great Britain in 1787, and in 1791 and 1792 he published The Rights of Man, in two parts. It was most famous of all replies to the condemnatory Reflections Upon the French Revolution by the British statesman Edmund Burke. It was also an analysis of the weaknesses of European society, proposing such remedies as republican government and progressive income taxes. A million and a half copies were sold in England alone before the book was suppressed. Paine's criticism of monarchical rule in The Rights of Man caused an uproar in England and led the British government to indict Paine for treason. He was tried in absentia while en route to France in December 1792.