S.Seifullin Kazakh agrotechnical university

D. M. Rakhimova, S. K. Rustemova

English

for the students

of energy department

Astana 2008

Рассмотрено и одобрено на заседании учебно-методического совета АО «Казахский агротехнический университет им. С.Сейфуллина» Протокол № 9 от « 20 » июня 2008г. Составители: ст. преподаватель Рахимова Д.М. ст. преподаватель Рустемова С.К.

Утверждаю: Председатель учебно- методической комиссии университета Первый вице-президент А.М. Абдыров «03» июля 2008 г.

Английский язык для студентов энергетического факультета учебное пособие

Рецензии написаны:

Кандидатом педагогических наук, заведующей кафедрой английской филологии ЕНУ им. Л.Гумилева Мейрамовой С.А.

Старшим преподавателем кафедры СГД университета «Туран» г. Астана Омаровой Б.И.

Старшим преподавателем кафедры мировых языков КАТУ им.С.Сейфуллина Байгашкаровой М.И.

Рассмотрено на заседании кафедры мировых языков, протокол № 9 от 28 мая 2008 г.

Зав.кафедрой ________Туксаитова Р.О.

Учебное пособие по английскому языку для студентов энергетического факультета рассмотрено на заседании методической комиссии отдела гуманитарных кафедр протокол № 11 от 14 июня 2008 ж

Председатель методической комиссии___________Сергазина К.Ж.

Introduction

The wheel, which is thought to have been invented around 3500 b.c., was a tremendous technological advancement; without it or a similar invention, information probably would still be transported by people on foot or horseback, by smoke signals or drum sounds, by carrier pigeon. By now, however, people have refined the technology of motion to the point where mobility has become a way life.

The invention of the computer and its introduction into the business environment in the early 1950s marked a similar technological achievement. By the early 1960s, some information needed for business was available in computer-usable form “somewhere”; however, it may have been impossible or impractical to get it if the information needed was only available in a computer 1,000 miles away. Modern electronic communications – the movement of voice and data over long distances through the use of computers and telecommunications channels and equipment – has solved this problem.

You will encounter innumerable situations in the business environment that require data to be sent to, retrieved from, or shared among different locations.

To transmit or receive data, you must have special hardware – that is, a transmission method, as well as access to a telephone line or other transmission medium and special communications software on line at both sending and receiving locations.

When you are talking on the phone with another person who is a few houses away, you can probably hear that person clearly and do not need to speak loudly. However, sometimes the farther away you are from the person, the harder it is to hear clearly what is being said because of static and other noise. A lot of noise increases the chance that parts of your message will be garbled or misinterpreted. This same problem can exist when data is transmitting over phone lines from computer to computer. To overcome this problem, alternative types of computerized data transmission have been developed, including satellite and microwave – although they are not without their own limitations. And in this part of our text book we try to introduce you with common characteristics of communication means.

Part I

Telecommunication

Text 1

Analog and Digital Signals