What is law?

The question what is law has troubled people for many years. Many definitions of law exist. but for on purposes, law can be defined as that set of rules or regulations by which a government regulates the conduct of people within a society. To understand the law, we must consider the relationship of law to morals. Our legal system is influenced by traditional ideas of right and wrong. Law fall into 2 major groups: criminal and civil. l Criminal laws regulate public conduct and set out duties owed to society. Criminal offenses are divided into felonies and misdemeanors. The maximum penalty for a felony is a term of more than one year in prison. For a misdemeanor the penalty is a prison term of one year or less. Civil laws regulate relations between individuals or groups of individuals. Civil laws regulate many everyday situations such as marriage, divorce, conracts, consumer protection, and negligence. Besides, the system of law in our country consists of different categories of law. Constitutional law is a leading category of the whole system of law. It deals with social structure, the state system, organisation of state power and the legal status of citizen. Administrative law is closely connected with constitutional law,but it deals with the legal forms of concrete executive and adminstrative activity of government and ministries. International law regulates relations between governments and also between private citizensof one country and those of another. Financial law regulates the budget, taxation and others. The rules of employment law include the legislation on the employment of industrial and office workers and regulate matters arising from employment relations.

Законодавча влада в країнах, мова в яких вивчається

There are 3 main branches of power and these branches are carefully balanced. Each branch serves as a check on the others to keep any branch from gaining(зосередження) too much power or from misusing(зловживання) its powers. One of the most important branch is legislative branch of power, which is presented by different bodies in different countries. Parliament, Britan’s legislature, comprises the House of Commons, the House of lords and the Queen in her constitutional role. The centre of parliamentary power is the House of Commons, which has 651 elected members of parliament. Limitations on the power of the Lords are based on the principle that the House, as a revising chamber, should complement the commons and not rival it. Once passed through both houses, legislation receives the Royal Assent and it than becomes law. Besides lords rarely use its power to delay passage of most laws for a year. Talking about USA, article 1 of the Constitution grants all legislative powers of the federal government to a Congress divided into 2 chambers, a Senate and the House of Representatives. Each House of Congress has the power to introduce legislation on any subject except raising revenue ( збирання держ. доходів) , which must approve in the House of R. Each house can vote against legislation passed by the other house. The Senate also has certain power to confirm presidential appointment of high officials and ambassadors of the federal govern and to ratify all treaties by a 2-3 vote. The Senate has the sole power to try impeachment and to find government officials guilty or not guilty.

Виконавча влада в країнах, мова яких вивчається

Talking about USA, within the executive branch itself, the president has broad powers to manage (керувати) national affairs and the working of the federal government. The President can issue rules, regulations and instructions called executive orders. As commander-in-chief of the armed force of the U.S., the President may also call into federal service the state units of the national guard. The president nominates the heads of all executive departments and agencies, together with hundreds of other high-ranking federal officials. The President may veto any bill passed by the Congress. The president may propose legislation, which he believes is necessary. The executive power in U.K. is presented by the monarch, privy council and Cabinet Ministers. As the official head of state, the monarch formally summons, prorogue and dissolve parliament and appoints the ministers of the Cabinet. Theoretically, the monarch appoints all judges, military officers, diplomats and archbishops, as well as other church officers. The real work of the monarchy consists largely in signing papers. The Queen has the power to confer peerages, knighthoods and other honours. The Queen make appointments to many important state officers, on the advice of the prime minister. The Privy Council is the body which advises the Queen. In the U.K. the present day Privy Council consists of all members of the Cabinet, former Cabinet Ministers. The functions of the Privy Council include issuing Orders in Council, granting Royal Charges and acting as a court of appeal from British courts in overseas territories. The Prime Minister selects other ministers, which make up the Governments and act as political heads of the various Government Departments. About the 20 of the most senior government ministers make up the Cabinet and approximately 100 ministers comprise the government.