1/3 Or ¼ of the people in the world understand and speak English to some degree.

2. Define the meaning of the following: the Albion

Albion - Greek “white”, because of white chalky cliffs, which saw the Romans while landed on the British Isles.

№ 14

1. Speak on the point: English in the New World. Patterns of lexical variation.

2. Define the meaning of the following: the Fern leaf.

Cyathea dealbata, or the silver tree fern or silver fern (kaponga or ponga in the Māori language), is a species of medium-sized tree fern, endemic to New Zealand. It is a symbol commonly associated with the country both overseas and by New Zealanders themselves.

№ 15

1. Speak on the point: New Zealand. Geographical background. National symbols.

The geography of New Zealand encompasses two main islands (the North and South Islands, Te-Ika-a-Maui and Te Wai Pounamu in Māori) and a number of smaller islands, located near the centre of the water hemisphere.

The current flag is the British Blue Ensign, incorporating a stylised representation of the Southern Cross showing the four brightest stars in the constellation. The Union Flag in the canton recalls New Zealand's colonial ties to Britain.

The coat of arms of New Zealand depict a shield with four quadrants divided by a central "pale". The first quadrant depicts the four stars on the flag of New Zealand; the second quadrant depicts a golden fleece, representing the nation's farming industry; the third depicts a sheaf of wheat for agriculture; and the fourth quadrant depicts crossed hammers for mining. The central pale depicts three galleys, representing New Zealand's maritime nature and also the Cook Strait. The Dexter supporter is a European woman carrying the flag of New Zealand, while the Sinister supporter is a Maori Warrior holding a Taiaha (Fighting weapon) and wearing a Kaitaka (flax cloak). The Shield is topped by the Crown of St. Edward, the Monarch of New Zealand's Crown. Below is a scroll with "New Zealand" on it, behind which (constituting the "heraldic compartment" on which the supporters stand) are two fern branches.

Kiwi. The small species of flightless birds form an invariable part of New Zealand's identity known as kiwi.

Cyathea dealbata, or the silver tree fern or silver fern (kaponga or ponga in the Māori language), is a species of medium-sized tree fern, endemic to New Zealand. It is a symbol commonly associated with the country both overseas and by New Zealanders themselves.

2. Define the meanings of the following key words: the Witan.

The Witenagemot (Old English "meeting of wise men"), also known as the Witan was a political institution in Anglo-Saxon England which operated from before the 7th century until the 11th century. The Witenagemot was an assembly of the ruling class whose primary function was to advise the king and whose membership was composed of the most important noblemen in England, both ecclesiastic and secular.

№ 16

1. Speak on the point: Canada. Geographical background. National symbols.

Situated in northern North America, Canada spans a vast, diverse territory between the North Pacific Ocean to the west and the North Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Arctic Ocean to the north (hence the country's motto "From sea to sea"), with the United States to the south and northwest (Alaska).

The National Flag of Canada, also known as the Maple Leaf, is a flag consisting of a red field with a white square at its centre, in the middle of which is featured a stylized, 11-pointed, red maple leaf.

The Arms of Canada. The shield was divided into four quarters, with the first three being identical to those in the British Arms: Gules, three lions passant guardant Or, for England; Or, a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory all Gules, for Scotland; and Azure, a harp Or stringed Argent, for Ireland. Their appearance in the Canadian Arms is meant to represent the fact that these are three of the founding peoples of Canada. The fourth quarter, Azure, three fleurs-de-lys or, of course represents Royal France, thus symbolizing the foundation of Canada by France.

In the base of the shield was placed a sprig of three maple leaves to represent Canada. It has been theorized that three leaves were chosen to represent the three founding peoples -- French, British, and First Nations -- but it is much more likely that three was chosen because a sprig of three fits elegantly into the space of a shield.

The English lion holds the Union Jack, while the Scottish unicorn holds the banner of Royal France. The crest is also based on the British one, with the addition of the maple leaf held by the lion. A gold helm of sovereignty and the Royal Crown are also used.

The compartment is a bed of the floral emblems of the four founding nations: the English rose, the Scottish thistle, the Irish shamrock, and the French lily. The motto means "From Sea to Sea", and is taken from Psalm 72: "He shall have dominion from sea to sea".

Motto:  "From Sea to Sea” The phrase comes from the Latin Vulgate translation Bible,"He shall have dominion also from sea to sea, and from the river unto the ends of the earth".

Maple Leaf. well before the coming of the first European settlers, Canada's aboriginal peoples had discovered the food properties of maple sap, which they gathered every spring. According to many historians, the maple leaf began to serve as a Canadian symbol as early as 1700. Maples contribute valuable wood products, sustain the maple sugar industry and help to beautify the landscape. The maple tree was officially proclaimed national arboreal emblem of Canada on 25th April, 1996.

Beaver The beaver attained official status as an emblem of Canada when an "act to provide for the recognition of the beaver (castor canadensis) as a symbol of the sovereignty of Canada" received royal assent on March 24, 1975.