Exam points (correspondence dpt)

№ 1

1. Speak on the point: The role of the English language.

Far more worldwide in it’s ditribution than all other spoken languages.

An official language in 52 countries as well as many small colonies and territories.

1/3 or ¼ of the people in the world understand and speak English to some degree.

International (diplomacy, internet, medicine), world language (on all continents), global (worldwide in geography).

2. Define the meaning of the following: the Southern Cross.

The Southern Cross is one of the most distinctive constellations visible in the Southern Hemisphere, and has been used to represent Australia since the early days of British settlement.

№ 2

1. Speak on the point: The Varieties of English: principles of classification.

Points to make variaties different: pronunciation, intonation, vocabulary, grammar.

Historically: Old English, Middle English, Modern English.

Social Status: official language, one of official languages, non-official language.

Speaker’s type: native language, second native language, foreign language.

Geographically: northern, southern, mainland, overseers.

Typilogical: jargon, pidgin, creole, lingua franka.

2. Define the meaning of the following: the Stars and Stripes.

The national flag of the United States of America. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain and became the first states in the Union.

№ 3

1. Speak on the point: Native Varieties of English.

Native variaties: those which are literary standard. Standard English=Queen’s (King’s) English=RP (received pronounciation), socially marked accent.

England: English English, Scotland: Scottish English, Wales: Wallish English.

2. Define the meaning of the following: Britain.

Flag: Union Flag or Union Jack, consists of the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England), edged in white, superimposed on the Cross of St Patrick (patron saint of Ireland), which are superimposed on the Saltire of Saint Andrew (patron saint of Scotland).

The Royal coat of arms. The shield: three lions of England; the rampant lion and double tressure flory-counterflory of Scotland; a harp for Northern Ireland. The crest is a statant guardant lion wearing the imperial crown, himself on another representation of that crown. The dexter supporter is a crowned English lion; a Scottish unicorn.

National Animal. Because the lion is symbolic of bravery, it was frequently used to depict the courageous warriors of medieval England.

National Tree – The oak tree represents strength, beauty and survival through trials. King Charles II escaped parliamentarians after his father was executed and hid in an old oak tree.

Flower Symbols. Tudor rose ( a red rose with a white centre ). The shamrock is said to have been used by St. Patrick to illustrate the doctrine of Holy Trinity. The thistle is the national emblem of Scotland. The Norsemen landed, one of the Norsemen stepped on a thistle, caused him to shriek. The alarm was given in the Scots’ camp. The daffodil for Wales.

№ 4

1. Speak on the point: Mainland and overseas varieties of English.

Points to make varieties different: pronunciation, intonation, vocabulary, grammar.

Mainland: English English, Scottish, Wallish. American English. Canadian English (eh).

Overseers: Australian, New Zealand English (allusion-end of previous word coincides with the begin of the next).

2. Define the meaning of the following: the Old Glory.

Old Glory is a common nickname for the flag of the United States, bestowed by William Driver, an early nineteenth century American sea captain.

№ 5

1. Speak on the point: Types of variation in English.

2. Define the meaning of the following key words: The Anglican Church

Was started by Henry VIII, who divorced with his wife and wanted to become independent of Rome.

№ 6

1. Speak on the point: Ancient Britain: The Romans. The Anglo-Saxons.

55 BC-Roman invasion, Julius Caesar. First words-castle, street, wall, wine. Plants: grape, apricot, plum, cherry. 5^th century AD - Anglo-Saxons. The Angles, the Saxons, the Judes. Dialect of Angles gave the name to people and land.

2. Define the meaning of the following: the Union Jack.

The national flag of the United Kingdom. Jacks are additional national flags flown by warships at the head of the ship.

№ 7

1. Speak on the point: The Vikings. Variation in Old English: the frontier established by the Vikings.

Viking (Northman) invaders – conquerred northern part, spoke Dutch (pronunciation). Were defeated by Alfred the Great.

2. Define the meaning of the following key word: the Stars and Stripes

The national flag of the United States of America. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 states of the United States of America and the 13 stripes represent the thirteen British colonies that declared independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain and became the first states in the Union.

№ 8

1. Speak on the point: The Norman Conquest. Britain as a Multilingual country.

1066 – William the Conqueror, the speaker of Norman French. Became an English king. French-state, official, Latin-science, religion, English-colloquial language.

2. Define the meaning of the following: the Brythons

The Brythons/Britons were the original inhabitants of Britain before the arrival of the Angles/Saxons/Jutes/Vikings drove most of them into Wales Cornwall and Breton.

№ 9

1. Speak on the point: England in the Middle Ages.

England was a part of the continent before the ice age. First settlers – mesolithic people, in western side – Wales, North and Western Scotland, Ireland, 200k-300k B.C. Soon after 2000 B.C. Alpine Stock arrived from Europe. Advanced pot-makers.

700 B.C. – Britain was invaded by the Celts. First stream – The Galls, second – the Celts of the Bretonic region, third – the Teutones (settled the central region, home counties).

55 B.C. – Roman invasion, Julius Caesar. First words-castle, street, wall, wine. Plants: grape, apricot, plum, cherry.

5^th century AD-Anglo-Saxons. The Angles, the Saxons, the Judes. Dialect of Angles gave the name to people and land. The Witton - 1^st king of peasants.

7^th century – Christianity.

Bede the Venerable – religious books, 7^th century. “Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum”

Viking (Northman) invaders – conquerred northern part, spoke Dutch.

Alfred the Great – 9^th – 10^th centuries – provided laws, defeated the Vikings.

1066 – William the Conqueror, the speaker of Norman French. Became an English king. French-state, official, Latin-science, religion, English-colloqual language.

12^th century – Plantogenete attempted to conquer Ireland. Powerful Catholic church.

1215 – Simon de Montfort – wanted to limit the King’s power. Magna Carta (The Great Charter), 63 sections, was the first document forced onto a King of England by a group of his subjects, the feudal barons, in an attempt to limit his powers by law and protect their privileges.

1265 – gathered the first Parliament, one house-lords.

14^th century – epidemy of black death. People from villages moved to the cities. Capitalist relations started. The popularity of French decreased. Peasantly rebells, under Tylor. End of feodal England.

14^th – 15^th century – development of csience, arts. Roger Baker – founder of English philosophy. Grammar schools, than public schools. Cambridge, Oxford. Absolute power of the King. The War of Roses.

1453 – one hundred years war finished.

Edward III – English speakers became aware of the necessity of English norms.

Conquest of Ireland, Scotland, Wales, which didn’t want to speak English. The Bible was translated into Walsh.

1456 – Henry VIII signed a document to force the usage of english. No pay or job for the Walsh speakers. Little immidiate effect. Divorced with his wife and started the Anglican church to become independent of Rome.

1604 – the Robert Cawdrey’s dictionary “Table Alphabeticall” appeared, to explain borrowings. Monolingual dictionary. Before were only added glossaries. The beginning of puriest English.