
- •Financial market: notion, structure and infrastructure.
- •Notion, functions, types of financial intermediaries. Financial intermediaries in Russia.
- •International foreign exchange market: functions, participants, operations.
- •Foreign exchange risks: definition, types, insurance methods.
- •3 Types of currency risk:
- •Definition and types of exchange rates. Exchange rate forecasting, currency parity. Factors of exchange rates.
- •Foreign exchange regulation: purposes and instruments.
- •International securities market: definition, structure, participants.
- •Financial system of a country: structure, interrelation between the elements.
- •Budgetary system of a country: principles of construction, structure, Russian and foreign experience.
- •12. State budget revenues and expenditures.
- •Income distribution
- •13. Public debt and sources of its formation.
- •14. Federal budget of the Russian Federation: revenues, expenditures, modern peculiarities.
- •Imf's main responsibilities:
- •2.1 Over the counter (otc) and exchange-traded derivatives
- •2.2 Forward contracts
- •2.3 Futures contracts and their difference to forwards
- •2.4 Options
- •2.5 Swaps
- •Interest rate swaps,
- •19. Securities market regulation in Russia and abroad.
- •20. Professional activity on securities market.
- •21. The problem of risk and the notion of insurance. Functions of insurance company.
- •Insurance aids economic development in at least seven ways.
- •22. Features of corporate insurance products. Commercial insurance.
- •23. Notion and purpose of reinsurance. Types of reinsurance contracts.
- •25. Obligatory and voluntary types of insurance in Russia and abroad.
- •Voluntary:
- •Voluntary:
- •27. Bank liquidity: notion, analysis, regulation.
- •29. Bank’s credit risks: methods of evaluation and minimization.
- •Interest Rate Risk
- •30. International banks: transactions and risks.
- •31. Monetary policy: purpose, types, tools.
- •32. International credit: notion, functions, forms, tendencies.
- •33. Credit market: functions, participants, instruments, indicators.
- •34. Analysis of a borrower’s creditworthiness by banks.
- •7 Functions of financial management:
- •37. Structure of a company’s balance sheet. Analysis of assets and liabilities structure
- •39. Capital structure and company’s cost of capital.
- •42. Classification of sources of corporate financing.
- •Instruments
- •Issuing and trading
- •Valuation
- •Ipo via foreign bank
- •44. Corporate credit policy.
- •Various Types of Corporate Credit and Corporate Credit Policy
- •45. Types of financial risks, quantitative analysis.
- •46. Investment portfolio construction: calculation and analysis of risk and return.
- •48. Types of bonds, calculation of present value of discount and coupon bonds. Types of bond yield.
- •50. Capital Assets Pricing Model (capm).
- •52. Price structure and its components. Factors of a price.
- •53. Methods of pricing.
- •55. Profit taxation in Russia.
- •56. Taxation of foreign corporate entities in Russia.
- •57. Income taxation of individuals.
- •59. Tax planning: notion, purposes, stages.
Valuation
Normally, a financial instrument is priced accordingly to the perception by capital market players of its expected return and risk.
Unit of account functions may come into question if valuations of complex financial instruments vary drastically based on timing. The "book value", "mark-to-market" and "mark-to-future" conventions are three different approaches to reconciling financial capital value units of account.
43. Methods of companies’ capital attraction from international financial market.
Capital, in the financial sense, is the money which gives the business the power to buy goods to be used in the production of other goods or the offering of a service.
There are several sources of capital:
• Long Term - usually above 7 years
o Share Capital - the portion of a company's equity that has been obtained (or will be obtained) by trading stock to a shareholder for cash or an equivalent item of capital value.
o Mortgage - a loan secured by real property through the use of a mortgage note which evidences the existence of the loan and the obligation of that realty through the granting of a mortgage which secures the loan
o Retained Profit - the portion of net income which is retained by the corporation rather than distributed to its owners as dividends
o Venture Capital - financial capital provided to early-stage, high-potential, high risk, growth startup companies
o Project Finance - the long term financing of infrastructure and industrial projects based upon the projected cash flows of the project rather than the balance sheets of the project sponsors. Usually, a project financing structure involves a number of equity investors, known as sponsors, as well as a syndicate of banks or other lending institutions that provide loans to the operation
• Medium Term - usually between 2 and 7 years
o Term Loans
o Leasing - a process by which a firm can obtain the use of a certain fixed assets for which it must pay a series of contractual, periodic, tax deductible payments
• Short Term - usually under 2 years
o Bank Overdraft - occurs when money is withdrawn from a bank account and the available balance goes below zero. If there is a prior agreement with the account provider for an overdraft, and the amount overdrawn is within the authorized overdraft limit, then interest is normally charged at the agreed rate. If the negative balance exceeds the agreed terms, then additional fees may be charged and higher interest rates may apply
o Trade Credit
o Deferred Expenses - an asset used to enable cash paid out to a counterpart for goods or services to be received in a later accounting period
o Factoring - a financial transaction whereby a business sells its accounts receivable (i.e., invoices) to a third party (called a factor) at a discount.
But the most popular among Russian companies are:
Eurobonds issue (term >1y)
Еврооблига́ция — облигация, выпущенная в валюте, являющейся иностранной для эмитента, размещаемая с помощью международного синдиката андеррайтеров среди зарубежных инвесторов, для которых данная валюта также является иностранной.
Заёмщиками, выпускающими еврооблигации, могут выступать правительства, корпорации, международные организации, заинтересованные в получении денежных средств на длительный срок — от 1 года до 40 лет (в основном, от 3 до 30 лет). Еврооблигации размещаются инвестиционными банками, основными их покупателями являются институциональные инвесторы — страховые и пенсионные фонды, инвестиционные компании.
Приставка «евро» в настоящее время — дань традиции, поскольку первые еврооблигации появились в Европе, торговля ими осуществляется в основном там же.
Еврооблигации – международные долговые обязательства, выпускаемые заемщиками (международными организациями, правительствами, местными органами власти, крупными корпорациями) при получении долгосрочного займа на европейском финансовом рынке в какой-либо евровалюте. Еврооблигации имеют купоны, дающие право на получение процентов в обусловленные сроки. Они могут иметь двойную деноминацию, когда выплата процентов производится в валюте, отличной от валюты займа. Еврооблигации могут выпускаться с фиксированной или плавающей ставкой процента. Они имеют следующие особенности:
1. являются предъявительскими ценными бумагами;
2. выпускаются, как правило, на срок от 2 до 15 лет;
3. могут размещаться одновременно на рынках нескольких стран;
4. валюта займа является для эмитента и инвесторов иностранной;
5. размещение и обеспечение осуществляется обычно эмиссионным синдикатом, в котором представлены банки, инвестиционные компании, брокерские конторы нескольких стран;
6. номинальная стоимость имеет долларовый эквивалент;
7. проценты по купонам выплачиваются держателю в полной сумме без удержания налога у источника доходов в отличие от обычных облигаций.