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Vocalisation of г and Associated Vowel Changes

Change illustrated

Example

ME

NE

ME

NE

After short

o + r

o:

for [for]

for

vowels

thorn [torn]

thorn

a+r

a:

bar [bar]

dark [dark]

bar

dark

i + r

e + r }

u + r

first [first]

first

ə:

serven ['servant]

serve

fur [fur]

fur

ə + г

ə

brother ['broðər]

brother

After long vowels

i+r

aiə

shire ['Ѕi:ra]

shire

e: + r

beer [be:r]

beer

ε: + r

ere ['e:r(ə)]

ear

ε: + r

εə

there ['θεr(ə)]

beren ['bеrən]

there

bear

a:+ r

εə

hare ['ha:rə]

hare

o: + r

oə/o:

floor [flo:r]

floor

o:+ г

moor [mo:r]

moor

u:+r

аuə

flour [flu:r]

flower

Principal Quantitative Vowel Changes

Early ME

Early NE

Lengthening

before ld, nd, mb in open syllables

before ss, st, nt, ft

Shortening

before other consonant clusters

before [θ, d, t, k]

Development of Sibilants and Affricates in Early Middle English

Change illustrated

Examples

OE

ME

OE

ME

NE

k'

g’

sk’

tS

d3

S

cild

tǽcan

ecse

brycge

fisc

sceap

child [tSi:ld]

techen [tε:tSən] edge ['ed3ə]

bridge ['brid3ə]

fish [fiS]

sheep [Sε:р|

child

teach

edge

bridge

fish

sheep