- •Раздел 1. Программа учебной дисциплины.
- •Рецензенты:
- •Пояснительная записка:
- •1.6 Содержание дисциплины.
- •Введение.
- •Общие сведения о германских языках
- •Древний период истории английского языка
- •Средний и Новый период истории английского языка
- •Introduction
- •2 Hours
- •Germanic languages
- •2 Hours
- •Old English Phonetics
- •4 Hours
- •Old English Grammar
- •6 Hours
- •PhoneticChanges in Middle and Early New English
- •4 Hours
- •Evolution of the Grammatical System from 11th to 18th c.
- •4 Hours Morphology
- •Пример этимологического анализа Этимологический анализ предложения.
- •1.7 Методические рекомендации по организации изучения дисциплины.
- •Questions and assignments for seminars
- •Text for analysis: “Beowulf” (837-841. 863-868)
- •1.8 Учебно-методическое обеспечение дисциплины.
- •Основная
- •Перечень используемых технических средств:
- •Примерные зачетные тестовые задания.
- •Questions to the exam:
- •Экзаменационные требования и система оценок
- •Комплект экзаменационных билетов (утвержденный зав. Кафед-
- •Примерная тематика рефератов.
- •Методики исследования.
- •Бально-рейтинговая система, используемая преподавателем для
- •Раздел 2. Методические указания по изучению дисциплины (или ее разделов) и контрольные задания для студентов заочной формы обучения.
- •Раздел 3. Содержательный компонент теоретического материала.
- •Syllabus for the course of history of english
- •Lecture 1
- •Introduction
- •2 Hours
- •1.The subject of history of English. The aims of the course
- •2.Sources of language history. Inner and outer history of the language.
- •3. Statics and dynamics in language history. Causes of language evolution.
- •Lecture 2 germanic languages
- •2 Hours
- •1.Modern Germanic languages.
- •2.The earliest period of Germanic history. Proto-Germanic (pg).
- •3.Linguistic features of Germanic languages.
- •Independent Vowel Changes in Proto-Germanic
- •Mutation of Vowels in Late pg
- •Consonant Shift in Proto-Germanic (Grimm's Law)
- •Voicing of Fricatives in Proto-Germanic (Verner's Law)
- •Examples of Vowel Gradation in Gothic Strong Verbs
- •1.Periodisation of the History of English. Periodisation of the History of English
- •Old English Alphabet
- •Lecture 4 Old English Phonetics
- •4 Hours
- •1.Word stress.
- •2.Old English vowels. Changes of stressed vowels. Independent changes.
- •Splitting of [a] and [a:] in Early Old English
- •Old English Reflexes of Proto-Germanic Diphthongs
- •Breaking and Diphthongisation
- •Palatal Mutation
- •Old English Vowels
- •3.Old English consonants.
- •Reflexes of Proto-Germanic Fricatives in Old English
- •Palatalisation and Splitting of Velar Consonants
- •Old English Consonants
- •Lecture 5 Old English Grammar
- •6 Hours
- •Morphological Classification of Nouns in Old English
- •Declensions of Nouns Strong Declensions (Vocalic Stems)
- •Strong Declensions (Vocalic Stems)
- •Consonantal Stems
- •2.The pronoun.
- •Declension of Personal Pronouns
- •Declension of sē, sēo, þæt
- •3.The adjectives.
- •Comparison of Adjectives in Old English
- •5.The verb
- •Conjugation of verbs in Old English
- •Participles in Old English
- •Strong Verbs in Old English
- •Weak Verbs In Old English
- •Conjugation of Preterite-Presents in Old English
- •Conjugation of oe bēon, ne be
- •Lecture 6 Old English Vocabulary
- •Peculiarities of Middle English Spelling
- •Quantitative Vowel Changes in Late Old English and Early Middle English
- •Development of oe [y] and [y:] in me dialects
- •Splitting of oe [a:] in Middle English
- •Development of Old English Diphthongs in Early Middle English
- •Growth of New Diphthongs in Middle English
- •Middle English Vowels
- •The Great Vowel Shift
- •Vocalisation of г and Associated Vowel Changes
- •Principal Quantitative Vowel Changes
- •Development of Sibilants and Affricates in Early Middle English
- •Development of Sibilants and Affricates in Early New English
- •Voicing of Consonants in Early New English
- •Lecture 9 Evolution of the Grammatical System from 11th to 18th c.
- •4 Hours
- •Morphology
- •Раздел 4. Словарь терминов (глоссарий).
- •Раздел 5. Практикум по решению задач (практических ситуаций) по темам лекций (одна из составляющих частей итоговой государственной аттестации).
- •Model of morphological analysis
- •Раздел 6. Изменения в рабочей программе, которые произошли после утверждения программы.
- •Раздел 7. Учебные занятия по дисциплине ведут:
Consonant Shift in Proto-Germanic (Grimm's Law)
Correspondence illustra-ted |
Examples |
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Non-Germanic |
Germanic |
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Old |
Modern |
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PIE |
PG |
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ACT I |
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p |
|
L pes, pedis |
Gt fōtus, O Icel fótr, OE fōt |
Sw fot, NE foot G Fuβ |
|
p |
f |
R пена |
OE fām |
G Feim, NE foam |
|
|
|
L piscis, R пескарь |
Gt fisks, OE fisc |
G Fisch, NE fish |
|
t |
θ |
L tres, R три |
Gt þreis, O Icel þrir, OE þrēo |
Sw tre, G drei, NE three |
|
|
|
L tu, Fr tu, R ты |
Gt þu, OE þū |
G Sw du, NE thou |
|
k |
x |
L cor, cordis, Fr coeur, R сердце |
Gt hairto, O Icel hjarta, OE heort |
G Herz, NE heart |
|
|
|
L canis R колода |
Gt hunds, OE hund OE holt |
G Hund, NE hound G Holz, NE holt |
|
ACT II |
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b |
p |
Lith balà, R болото L labare, R слабый |
OHG pfuol, OE pōl Gt slepan, OE slǽpan |
G Pfuhl, NE pool G schlafen, NE sleep |
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d |
t |
L decem, Fr dix, |
Gt taíhun, O Icel tíu, OE tien |
Sw tio, G zehn, |
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R десять |
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NE ten |
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Fr deux, R два |
OE twā |
NE two |
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L edere, R еда |
Gt itan, OE etan |
Sw äta, NE eat |
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|
L vidēre, R ведать, видеть |
OE witan |
G wissen, NE wit |
|
g |
k |
L genu, Fr genou |
OE cnēo, Gt kniu |
NE knee, G Knie |
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|
L iugum, R иго |
Gt juk, O Icel ok, OE зеос |
Sw ok, NE yoke |
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ACT III |
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bhl |
v |
O Ind bhrāta, L frater, R брат |
Gt broþar, O Icel bróðir, OE brōþor |
Sw broder, G Bruder, NE brother |
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|
|
L ferre, R.беру Fr future, R быть |
Gt baíran, OE be-ran OHG bin, bíst, OE bēon |
G gebären, NE bear G bin, bist, NE be |
|
dh |
ð |
O Ind rudhira, R рдеть |
Gt rauþs, O Icel rauðr, OE rēad |
G rot, Sw röd, NE red |
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|
O Ind mádhyas, L medius R делать |
Gt midjis [ð], OE middle Gt gadeþs, OE dǽd, dōn |
G Mittel, NE middle NE deed, do |
|
gh |
γ |
L hostis, R гость
L (leg-) lectus, R залегать |
Gt gasts, O Icel gestr, OE giest Gt ligan [γ], O Icel liggja, OE liсзаn |
Sw gäst, G Gast, NE guest G liegen, NE lie |
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O Ind vaha,.L via, R везти |
Gt wiga [γ], О Iсеl vegr, OE we3 |
Sw väg, G Weg, NE way |
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1-It is assumed that PIE contained sets of aspirated plosives opposed to pure non-aspirated plosives: [bh, dh, gb] vs [b, d, g] as well as [ph, th, kh] vs [p, t, k]. The voiceless [ph, th, kh] are not included in the shift, since they behaved like the corresponding pure plosives [p, t, k] and probably were not distinguished in West IE. |
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By the terms of Grimm’s law voiceless plosives developed in PG into voiceless fricatives (ACT I), IE voiced plosives were shifted to voiceless plosives (ACT II), and IE voiced aspirated plosives were reflected either as voiced fricatives or as pure voiced plosives (ACT III).
Cases which contradict the Grimm’s law. Voicing of fricatives in PG, or K. Verner’s law.
K.Verner’s law: all the Early PG voiceless fricatives [f, θ, x] which arose under Grimm’s law and also [s] inherited from PIE, became voiced between vowels if the preceding vowel was unstressed, in the absence of these conditions they remained voiceless.