МИНИСТЕРСТВО СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
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Кафедра иностранных языков
ГСЭ.Ф.01 Иностранный язык (английский)
Сборник текстов для чтения со студентами заочного обучения специальностей
080105 Финансы и кредит
080109 Бухгалтерский учет, анализ и аудит
080502 Экономика и управление на предприятии (в аграрном производстве)
Уфа 2010
УДК 811.111
ББК 81.2 Англ.
С 23
Рекомендовано к изданию методической комиссией экономического факультета (протокол № 6 от 28 мая 2010 г.)
Составитель: старший преподаватель Р.А.Исмагзамова.
Рецензент: к.фил.н., доцент кафедры иностранных языков З.Р. Загирова
Ответственный за выпуск: зав. кафедрой иностранных языков, к.ф.н. доцент О.Н. Новикова
Contents
1 |
What is Economics |
4 |
2 |
What Economics Studies |
4 |
3 |
Economic Systems |
5 |
4 |
The Traditional Economy |
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5 |
The Market Economy |
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6 |
The Planned Economy |
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7 |
The Mixed Economy |
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8 |
The Role of the Production of Material Values |
6 |
9 |
David Ricardo and the Theory of Comparative Analysis |
7 |
10 |
Adam Smith and Development of Economic Thought |
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11 |
Money |
7 |
12 |
Banks |
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13 |
The Stock Exchange |
8 |
14 |
Unemployment |
9 |
15 |
Inflation |
10 |
16 |
Types of Business Firms |
10 |
17 |
The Functional Organization of the Company |
11 |
18 |
Set-up of British Companies |
12 |
19 |
Retailing |
13 |
20 |
Wholesaling |
14 |
21 |
Poverty |
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22 |
Less Developed Countries |
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23 |
Factors of Production |
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24 |
British Economy |
14 |
25 |
US Economy |
16 |
1 What is Economics
Unlike history, mathematics, English and chemistry, economics is a subject that most students study only briefly, sometimes they do not study it at all, before they begin to study at a college or university.
Economics has some similarities to mathematics because logical reasoning and mathematical tools are used in it extensively. It also has some similarities to history because economics studies people as they interact in social groups.
Like chemistry, economics uses scientific methods, although some of economics has a descriptive rather than an analytical character. Finally, like English grammar, economics has a few simple rules and principles, but from these principles economics can derive many conclusions.
Economics is a science of making choices. Individuals must decide whether to study or to work, what to choose as an occupation, and many other choices. As a group, people must also choose through their governments whether to invest money to business or to expand national parks, to build a dam or to repair highways with their taxes. The common element in all these decisions is that every choice involves costs.
In fact, economics is the study of the choice that people make and the actions that they take in order to make the best use of scarce resources in meeting their wants.
Economics is about the everyday life. How do we get our living? Why do we sometimes get more and sometimes less? Are we producing as efficiently as we could? Are we producing the “right things”? What are the “right things”? Who ought to decide this and why? The study of economics helps us to answer this sort of questions.
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